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"Glioma is one of the most common central nervous system tumors that show variant responses towards radiotherapies. Most of the cases especially the high grade Glioblastoma Multiforme have very poor prognosis. Pluripotency of cMyc genes might be another factor for the high glial cell differentiation in glioma thus it may become an alternative therapeutic target. mRNA obtained from 20 glioma samples with different degree of malignancy are converted to cDNA and then amplified. Relative quantification of cMyc mRNA expression is measured by calculating the cycle threshold values of Real Time RT PCR and normalized towards 18s rRNA to predict the relationship between the expression of cMyc and the degree of malignancy. The cMyc expression is increased in accordance with the tumor grade. The cMyc expressions in high grade glioma are 17424.23 folds higher when calibrated to the normal cell, whereas the genes in lower grade tumors are expressed with the rate of 6167.35. Despite the statistically insignificant values the genes express, this research has strengthened molecular diagnosis, specifically pluripotency, to be the factor that gives a greater prognostic relevance than the histopathologic diagnosis. As a conclusion, there is a clinical tendency where the c Myc expression is higher than in high degree glioma compared to low degree malignancy, however it is not statistically significant.

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Glioma adalah salah satu tumor sistem saraf pusat yang sering terjadi dan memiliki respon yang variatif terhadap radioterapi. Glioblastoma Multiforme cenderung memiliki prognosis buruk terhadap pengobatan. Pluripotensi mRNA cMyc dapat menjadi salah satu faktor tingginya diferensiasi sel glial pada gliom sehingga dapat menjadi target terapi alternatif. mRNA yang diperoleh dari 20 sampel glioma dengan derajat keganasan berbeda ditransformasi menjadi cDNA dan diamplifikasi menggunakan Accupower Two-Step RT-PCR with SYBR Green. Kuantifikasi relatif mRNA cMyc ditentukan dengan menghitung nilai cycle threshold pada RT PCR ang dinormalisasi dengan rRNA 18S untuk melihat hubungan antara ekspresi cMyc dan derajat keganasan glioma. Ekspresi cMyc ternyata lebih tinggi seiring dengan meningkatnya tingkat keganasan. Ekspresi cMyc pada glioma klasifikasi WHO derajat tinggi senilai 17424.23 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan ekspresi pada sel otak normal, sedangkan glioma derajat rendah menurut klasifikasi WHO mengalami ekspresi gen cMyc senilai 6167.35. Meskipun nilai yang diperoleh tidak signifikan secara statistik, penelitian ini telah menunjukkan bahwa diagnosis molekuler, terutama pluripotensi, dapat menjadi faktor penentu prognosis glioma selain ditentukan dengan derajat keganasan melalui pemeriksaan histopatologis. Terdapat kecenderungan secara klinis dimana ekspresi relatif mRNA cMyc lebih tinggi pada glioma derajat tinggi dibandingkan dengan glioma derajat rendah, namun nilainya tidak signifikan secara statistik."

"Ikan Tiger shovelnose catfish Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) merupakan ikan hias introduksi yang memiliki pertumbuhan cepat. Pertumbuhan berperan penting pada perkembangan ikan dan dipengaruhi kinerja hormon pertumbuhan (GH). Hormon pertumbuhan pada ikan jumlahnya terbatas, sehingga perlu dilakukan perbanyakan melalui isolasi gen GH, agar dapat diaplikasikan dalam peningkatan produktivitas ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan menganalisis ekspresi mRNA gen GH pada ikan Tiger shovelnose catfish. Isolasi GH dilakukan dari jaringan kelenjar hipofisis pada ikan berukuran 602 g dan 43 cm. Tahapan isolasi diawali ekstraksi RNA, sintesis cDNA, dan Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) menggunakan primer GH degenerate dari data 7 spesies catfish di gene bank, serta gen b-actin sebagai kontrol internal. Gen GH selanjutnya di-cloning dan sequencing. Ekspresi gen GH pada tahap perkembangan awal diamati sejak stadia embrio, larva (3, 10, dan 15 dph, day post hatched) dan juvenil (20, 45, dan 60 dph), kemudian dianalisis secara semi kuantitatif. Data ekspresi gen dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA satu arah dan dilanjutkan uji Tukey. Isolasi mRNA gen GH telah berhasil dilakukan secara parsial, dengan panjang sekuens 234 bp dan b-actin berukuran 300 bp. Gen GH ikan Tiger shovelnose catfish secara homology dekat dengan ikan patin (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) dan ikan lele (Clarias batracus) dengan nilai sama yaitu 90,60%. Gen GH mulai terekspresi sejak dari stadia embrio. Ekspresi gen GH menurun pada dari stadia larva ke juvenil, karena merupakan tahap metamofosis. Stadia juvenil merupakan level ekspresi tertinggi (P<0,05), karena organ ikan sudah lebih lengkap dan ekspresinya akan terus meningkat seiring pertambahan usia.

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An ornamental fish, the Tiger Shovelnose Catfish Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) grows quickly. Growth hormone affects the performance of growth and development in this species. Because the amount of growth hormone in this fish is limited, it is necessary to isolate the GH gene to increase fish productivity. Accordingly, the aim of study is to isolated and to determine mRNA level of GH gene from each stage. The mRNA GH gene was isolated from 602 g of fish pituitary tissue. Followed by the b-actin gene used as an internal control in Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction RT-PCR utilizing degenerate GH primers from 7 catfish species in the gene bank. The GH gene was then sequenced. GH gene expression was measured semi-quantitatively in embryonic, larval (3, 10, and 15 dph), and juvenile (20, 45, and 60 dph) stages, respectively. Gene expression of each stage were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and was followed by Tukey's test. The partial isolation of GH gene mRNA has been successfully carried out, with a sequence length of 234 bp and gene of b-actin at 300 bp. The GH gene of Tiger shovelnose catfish was homology close to catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and catfish (Clarias batracus) with the same value of 90.60%. GH gene expression decreased from larval to juvenile stage, because it was a metamorphosis stage. Juvenile stage is the highest expression level (P<0.05), because fish organs are more complete and their expression will continue to increase with age."

"Sindrom ovarium polikistik (SOPK) merupakan kelainan yang ditandai oleh hiperandrogenemia, ovarium disfungsi, dan polikistik ovarium yang dapat menyebabkan infertilitas. Meski etiologi pastinya belum diketahui, obesitas merupakan ciri khas umum pada SOPK di mana sekitar 40--80% wanita SOPK meningkatkan obesitas. Kej Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) terkait dengan SOPK melalui peradangan kronik tingkat rendah. Tujuan penelitian adalah mempelajari ekspresi mRNA gen VDR pada wanita obesitas dan non-obesitas dengan SOPK dan normal. Sampel darah dari 120 subjek dibagi menjadi empat kelompok, yaitu 30 normal non-obesitas (BMI <25), 30 normal non-obesitas (BMI> 25), SOPK non-obesitas (BMI <35), dan 30 SOPK obesitas (BMI> 25) kemudian dianalisis menggunakan kuantitatif Real-Time PCR (qPCR) dengan metode kurva standar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bukti mRNA gen VDR pada subjek obesitas dan SOPK secara signifikan lebih tinggi dibandingkan kedua kontrol. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa gen VDR terkait dengan obesitas dan SOPK.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder characterized by hyperandrogenemia, ovarian dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries that can cause infertility. Although the exact etiology is unknown, obesity is a hallmark common in PCOS where about 40-80% of PCOS increase obesity. Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) is associated with PCOS through low-level chronic inflammation. The aim of the study was to study the expression of VDR gene mRNA on obese and non-obese women with PCOS and normal. Blood samples from 120 subjects were divided into four groups, namely 30 normal non-obese (BMI <25), 30 normal non-obese (BMI> 25), non-obese PCOS (BMI <35), and 30 obese PCOS(BMI> 25) was then analyzed using quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) with the standard curve method. The results showed evidence of VDR gene mRNA in obese and PCOS subjects was significantly higher than the two controls. These results indicate that the VDR gene is associated with obesity and PCOS."

"Latar belakang. Kanker kolorektal merupakan keganasan saluran cerna yang menjadi salah satu penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas terkait kanker paling banyak di dunia. Perkembangan sel normal menjadi kanker melalui proses mutasi genetik yang membutuhkan waktu bertahun-tahun. Program skrining dapat menurunkan angka kematian namun partisipasinya masih rendah. Saat ini tersedia metode yang bersifat tidak invasif diantaranya dengan dasar pemeriksaan feses yang telah luas digunakan baik sebagai tes tunggal maupun kombinasi. Berbagai metode skrining terus dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan nilai diagnostik yang baik. Dengan mengkombinasikan mRNA CEA feses dan FIT diharapkan dapat menghasilkan metode skrining dengan sensitivitas dan spesifistas yang baik serta terjangkau. Tujuan. Mengevaluasi nilai diagnostik pemeriksaan kombinasi mRNA CEA feses dan FIT dalam mendeteksi lesi neoplastik kolorektal. Metode. Studi potong lintang dengan populasi terjangkau pasien dewasa yang diduga kanker kolorektal di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan November 2015 sampai Februari 2016. Analisis uji diagnostik digunakan untuk mendapatkan nilai sensitivitas, spesifisitas, NDP, NDN, RKP dan RKN kombinasi mRNA CEA feses dan FIT dalam mendeteksi lesi neoplastik kolorektal dengan pemeriksaan histopatologi jaringan yang diambil melalui kolonoskopi sebagai baku emas. Lesi neoplastik kolorektal terdiri dari lesi prakanker/adenoma dan kanker.Hasil. Sebanyak 78 subjek penelitian dengan rerata umur 55,32±12,6 tahun, 73,1% berumur 3 50 tahun dan 53,8% berjenis kelamin pria. Keluhan klinis terbanyak berupa perdarahan nyata saluran cerna 33,3%, nyeri perut 28,2%, dan perubahan pola defekasi 24,4%. Proporsi lesi neoplastik kolorektal sebesar 30,7% terdiri dari prakanker/adenoma 12,8% dan kanker 17,9%. Sensitivitas, spesifisitas, NDP, NDN, RKP dan RKN untuk mendeteksi lesi neoplastik kolorektal berturut turut 75%, 61,11%, 46,07%, 84,66%, 1,93, 0,41; adenoma berturut-turut 50,00%, 50,00%, 12,80%, 87,20%, 1,00, 1,00; dan kanker kolorektal berturut turut 92,86%, 59,37%, 33,26%, 97,44%, 2,29, 0,12. Kesimpulan. Kombinasi mRNA CEA feses dan FIT untuk mendeteksi lesi neoplastik kolorektal di Indonesia memiliki nilai NDN tinggi tetapi sensitivitas, spesifisitas, NDP, RKP dan RKN yang rendah.

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Background. Colorectal cancer is one of the gastrointestinal tract malignancy which is one of the most common causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in the world. The development of normal cells into cancer through genetic mutations process that take years. Screening programs can reduce mortality rates but low participation. Currently, non-invasive methods are available including the stool based examination which has been widely used as a single test or in combination. Various screening methods continue to be developed to obtain good diagnostic value. By combining faecal CEA and FIT mRNA, it is expected to produce a screening method with good sensitivity and specificity and is affordable. Objective. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of combination faecal mRNA CEA and FIT to detect neoplastic lesions of colorectal Methods. Cross-sectional study with with suspected colorectal cancer at Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital from November 2015 to February 2016. Diagnostic test analysis was used to obtain sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, PLR and NLR of the combination of faecal mRNA CEA and FIT in detecting neoplastic lesions of colorectal by histopathological examination of tissues taken through colonoscopy as the gold standard. Colorectal neoplastic lesions consist of precancerous/adenoma and cancerous lesions.

Results. A total of 78 subjects with a mean age of 55.32±12.6 years, 73.1% aged older than fifty and 53.8% were male. The most clinical complaints were obvious gastrointestinal bleeding 33.3%, abdominal pain 28.2%, and changes in bowel habits 24.4%. The proportion of colorectal neoplastic lesions was 33.3% consisting of 15.4% precancer/adenoma and 17.9% cancer. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, PLR and NLR for detecting colorectal neoplastic lesions was 75%, 61.11%, 46.07%, 84.66%, 1.93, 0.41 respectively; adenoma 50.00%, 50.00%, 12.80%, 87.20%, 1.00, 1.00 repectively; colorectal cancer 92.86%; 59.37%; 33.26%; 97.44%; 2.29; 0.12 respectively. Conclusion. The combination of faecal CEA mRNA and FIT in detecting colorectal neoplastic lesions has high NPV but low sensitivity, specificity, PPV, PLR and NLR."

"B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma-2 Bcl-2 dan Bcl-2-associated X protein Bax merupakan anggota dari Bcl-2 family yang berperan dalam meregulasi apoptosis. Apoptosis penting dalam perkembangan manusia. Terganggunya kejadian apoptosisakan memberikan efek terhadap keadaan fisiologis manusia, diantaranya gangguan reproduksi. Salah satu gangguan reproduksi yang dialami oleh wanita usia reproduktif yaitu Sindrom Ovarium Polikistik (SOPK). Wanita penderita SOPK memiliki jumlah folikel yang lebih banyak dibandingkan wanita tanpa SOPK. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui ekspresi mRNA bax dan bcl-2 pada wanita SOPK serta mengetahui korelasi rasio ekspresi mRNA bax terhadap bcl-2 dengan rasio fertilisasi. Sel granulosa untuk penelitian didapatkan dari 18 wanita penderita SOPK dan 10 wanita tanpa SOPK yang sedang menjalani program FIV. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang berarti antara rasio ekspresi mRNA bax/bcl-2 wanita penderita SOPK dan tanpa SOPK p > 0,05. Korelasi yangkuat R = 0,525 ditemukan antara rasio ekspresi bax/bcl-2 dengan rasio fertilisasi.

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B cell leukemia lymphoma 2 Bcl 2 and Bcl 2 associated X protein Bax are members of the Bcl 2 family that play a role regulating apoptosis. Apoptosis plays an important role in human development. Disruption of apoptosis will have an effect on the physiological state of humans, including reproductive disorders. One of there productive disorders experienced by women in reproductive age is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS have a higher number of follicles than women without PCOS.

The aim of this study was to find out the expression of baxand bcl 2 mRNA expression in PCOS women and to know the correlation of bax mRNA expression ratio to bcl 2 with fertilization ratio. Granulosa cells for the study were obtained from 18 women with PCOS and 10 women without PCOS undergoing IVF program. The results showed no significant difference between the expression ratio of bax bcl 2 mRNA women with PCOS and without PCOS p 0.05. A strong correlation R 0.525 was found between the expression ratio of bax bcl 2and the fertilization rate."

"Latar belakang: Kanker kolorektal merupakan keganasan peringkat ketiga terbesar di dunia dengan insidensi dan penyebab kematian terbanyak, Peran deteksi dini kanker kolorektal dengan visualisasi langsung dan penanda tertentu terbukti menurunkan angka insidensi dan kematian, namun program ini memiliki tingkat partisipasi yang rendah. Metode non invasif pemeriksaan berbasis feses telah digunakan dan dikembangkan. Kombinasi mRNA CEA, mRNA COX-2 dan FIT pada feses diharapkan sebagai metode deteksi dini non invasif dengan sensitivitas dan spesifitas yang baik dalam penanda diagnostik kanker kolorektal.Tujuan: Mengevaluasi nilai diagnostik kombinasi pemeriksaan mRNA CEA, mRNA COX-2 dan FIT pada feses sebagai penanda diagnostik kanker kolorektalMetode: Studi potong lintang dengan populasi terjangkau pasien dewasa yang diduga kanker kolorektal di Rumah Sakit Ciptomangunkusumo pada bulan November 2015 hingga Februari 2016, Uji diagnostik digunakan untuk mengevaluasi nilai sensitivitas, spesifisitas, NPP, NPN, PLR, NLR pada kombinasi dalam mendeteksi kanker kolorektal dengan pemeriksaan histopatologi jaringan yang diambil dari kolonoskopi sebagai baku emas.Hasil: Dari total 97 subjek penelitian, rerata usia 56 tahun, 50,5% pria dan 77,3% berusia > 50 tahun. Keluhan klinis perdarahan nyata saluran cerna terbanyak dengan 43,3%. Lokasi tumor terbanyak pada kolon descenden, sigmoid, dan rektum yaitu 8,24%, 6,18%, dan 5,15%. Proporsi lesi kanker kolorektal (adenokarsinoma) sebanyak 15% dan lesi non kanker kolorektal sebanyak 84.5%. Nilai sensitivitas dan spesifitas pada kanker kolorektal sebesar 93,33% (IK 95% 70,18-98,81) dan 60,98% (IK 95% 50,15-70,82). NPP, NPN, PLR, dan NLR berturut turut 30,43% (IK 95% 19,08-44,81), 98.04% (IK 95% 89,70- 99,65), 2,39 ( IK 95% 1,28-4,48), dan 0,11 (IK 95% 0,02 – 0,79). Skor AUC untuk membedakan kanker kolorektal adalah 77,2 % (IK 95% 66,3 – 88,0)Kesimpulan: Nilai sensitivitas, spesifitas, NPP, NPN, PLR dan NLR kombinasi pemeriksaan mRNA CEA, mRNA COX-2 dan FIT pada feses untuk mendeteksi kanker kolorektal berturut-turut adalah 93,33%, 60,98%, 30,43%, 98,04%, 2.39, dan 0,11.

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Background: Colorectal cancer is the third largest malignancy in the world with the highest incidence and cause of death. The role of early detection of colorectal cancer with direct visualization and certain markers has been proven to reduce incidence and death rates, however this program has a low participation rate. Non-invasive methods of stool-based examination have been used and developed. The combination of CEA mRNA, COX-2 mRNA and FIT in feces is expected to be a non-invasive early detection method with good sensitivity and specificity as a diagnostic marker for colorectal cancer.

Aim: Evaluating the diagnostic value of a combination of CEA mRNA, COX-2 mRNA and FIT examination in feces as a diagnostic marker for colorectal cancer

Method: Cross-sectional study with an accessible population of adult patients suspected of colorectal cancer at Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital from November 2015 to February 2016. Diagnostic tests were used to evaluate the value of sensitivity, specificity, NPP, NPN, PLR, NLR in combination in detecting colorectal cancer with histopathological examination tissue taken from colonoscopy as the gold standard.

Results: Of the total 97 research subjects, the average age was 56 years, 50.5% were men and 77.3% were > 50 years old. Clinical complaints of real gastrointestinal bleeding were the highest with 43.3%. The most common tumor locations were the descending colon, sigmoid and rectum, namely 8.24%, 6.18% and 5.15%. The proportion of colorectal cancer lesions (adenocarcinoma) was 15% and non-colorectal cancer lesions was 84.5%. The sensitivity and specificity values ​​for colorectal cancer were 93.33% (95% CI 70.18-98.81) and 60.98% (95% CI 50.15-70.82). NPP, NPN, PLR, and NLR respectively 30.43% (95% CI 19.08-44.81), 98.04% (95% CI 89.70- 99.65), 2.39 (95% CI 1 .28-4.48), and 0.11 (95% CI 0.02 – 0.79). The AUC score for differentiating colorectal cancer is 77.2% (95% CI 66.3 – 88.0)

Conclusion: The sensitivity, specificity, NPP, NPN, PLR and NLR values ​​of the combination of CEA mRNA, COX-2 mRNA and FIT examination in feces to detect colorectal cancer were 93.33%, 60.98%, 30.43%, 98.04%, 2.39, and 0.11."

"In this book, experts from the field of intercellular transport deal with various aspects on intercellular transport of viruses and plant endogenous macromolecules such as transcription factors, small silencing-induced and micro RNAs, and other RNAs and their function as signals. The aim of the book is to provide the basic information on the cell-to-cell transport mechanism and to give an overview of the current knowledge of this relatively new field of research. "