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Siagian, Minarma
"[ABSTRAK
Berbagai macam panduan rekonstruksi mandibula telah dikembangkan untuk mengurangi angka komplikasi Golden standard panduan rekonstruksi mandibula saat ini adalah pemeriksaan radiologi 3 dimensi yang memberikan ukuran sesuai dengan ukuran aslinya namun proyeksi submentovertex memiliki kelebihan berupa efektifitas dalam menampilkan keseluruhan struktur kraniomaksilofasial dalam satu film sehingga menjadi lebih singkat pengerjaannya dan ekonomis Tujuan Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat reliabilitas ronsen submentovertex dengan membandingkan hasil pengukuran menggunakan kaliper mitutuyo langsung pada tulang mandibula dengan hasil pengukuran mandibula menggunakan PACS pada ronsen submentovertex Material dan metodePenelitian ini menggunakan 50 tulang mandibula yang dipasangkan dengan tulang kranium dan tulang kalvaria Penanda logam bentuk bulat diameter 1mm dipasang pada titik Pogonion Gonion kiri dan kanan Lateral Procesus Condylaris kiri dan kanan Parameter yang diukur adalah jarak titik Gonion kiri ke Gonion kanan jarak titik Lateral Procesus Condylaris kiri ke Lateral Procesus Condylaris kiri besar sudut yang dibentuk oleh titik Gonion kanan Pogonion Gonion kiri dan besar sudut yang dibentuk oleh titik Lateral Procesus Condylaris kiri Pogonion Lateral Procesus Condylaris kanan Tulang tengkorak kemudian dironsen submentovertex Pengukuran manual dilakukan menggunakan kaliper mitutuyo langsung pada tulang mandibula sedangkan pengukuran ronsen Submentovertex menggunakan program Picture Archiving Computerised System Pengukuran dilakukan tiga kali dengan jarak waktu pengukuran 24 jam oleh satu orang Hasil pengukuran manual dan submentovertex kemudian dibandingkan dengan menggunakan uji statistik t berpasangan dengan tingkat ketelitian 95 p0 05 yang berarti hasil pengukuran manual dan submentovertex berbeda bermakna Kesimpulan Ukuran tulang mandibula hasil pengukuran menggunakan kaliper dengan Submentovertex berbeda bermakna Hasil pengukuran angular dan linear pada submentovertex lebih besar daripada hasil pengukuran manual pada tulang mandibula ABSTRACT IntroductionAblative tumor surgery cause discontinuity of the mandible Various guidances had been introduced in mandible reconstruction to reduce complication rate Three dimensional computed assisted is the golden standard Plain radiology such as submentovertex has some advantages cost efective and low radiation dose Every guidance must be reliable Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the reliabity of submentovertex image compared to golden standard of direct mandible measurement using caliper Material and MethodThe sample of this study were 50 dried human mandibles paired with os calvaria and os cranium 1mm diameter of metal marker were placed in Pogonion left and right Gonion right and left Lateral Procesus Condylaris Linear measurements were left Gonion ndash right Gonion right Lateral Procesus Condylaris ndash left Lateral Procesus Condylaris Angular measurements were right Gonion ndash Pogonion ndash left Gonion and right Lateral Procesus Condylaris ndash Pogonion ndash left Lateral Procesus Condylaris Direct measurement on the mandible was done by using caliper Mitutuyo and Picture Archiving Computerised System for measuring the mandible on submentovertex image One observer measured the mandible three times 24 hours range of time for each measurements The result between direct measurement and submentovertex image were compared and tested using paired t test p0 05 Conclusion There were significant difference on both angular and linear measurement of the mandible between direct caliper measurement and Picture Archiving Computerised System for Submentovertex image ;IntroductionAblative tumor surgery cause discontinuity of the mandible Various guidances had been introduced in mandible reconstruction to reduce complication rate Three dimensional computed assisted is the golden standard Plain radiology such as submentovertex has some advantages cost efective and low radiation dose Every guidance must be reliable Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the reliabity of submentovertex image compared to golden standard of direct mandible measurement using caliper Material and MethodThe sample of this study were 50 dried human mandibles paired with os calvaria and os cranium 1mm diameter of metal marker were placed in Pogonion left and right Gonion right and left Lateral Procesus Condylaris Linear measurements were left Gonion ndash right Gonion right Lateral Procesus Condylaris ndash left Lateral Procesus Condylaris Angular measurements were right Gonion ndash Pogonion ndash left Gonion and right Lateral Procesus Condylaris ndash Pogonion ndash left Lateral Procesus Condylaris Direct measurement on the mandible was done by using caliper Mitutuyo and Picture Archiving Computerised System for measuring the mandible on submentovertex image One observer measured the mandible three times 24 hours range of time for each measurements The result between direct measurement and submentovertex image were compared and tested using paired t test p0 05 Conclusion There were significant difference on both angular and linear measurement of the mandible between direct caliper measurement and Picture Archiving Computerised System for Submentovertex image , IntroductionAblative tumor surgery cause discontinuity of the mandible Various guidances had been introduced in mandible reconstruction to reduce complication rate Three dimensional computed assisted is the golden standard Plain radiology such as submentovertex has some advantages cost efective and low radiation dose Every guidance must be reliable Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the reliabity of submentovertex image compared to golden standard of direct mandible measurement using caliper Material and MethodThe sample of this study were 50 dried human mandibles paired with os calvaria and os cranium 1mm diameter of metal marker were placed in Pogonion left and right Gonion right and left Lateral Procesus Condylaris Linear measurements were left Gonion ndash right Gonion right Lateral Procesus Condylaris ndash left Lateral Procesus Condylaris Angular measurements were right Gonion ndash Pogonion ndash left Gonion and right Lateral Procesus Condylaris ndash Pogonion ndash left Lateral Procesus Condylaris Direct measurement on the mandible was done by using caliper Mitutuyo and Picture Archiving Computerised System for measuring the mandible on submentovertex image One observer measured the mandible three times 24 hours range of time for each measurements The result between direct measurement and submentovertex image were compared and tested using paired t test p0 05 Conclusion There were significant difference on both angular and linear measurement of the mandible between direct caliper measurement and Picture Archiving Computerised System for Submentovertex image ]"
Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia, 2015
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Nila Kencana Sari
"ABSTRAK

Latar belakang : Rekonstruksi defek jaringan tulang merupakan tantangan utama yang dihadapi ahli bedah mulut dan maksilofasial. Elemen dasar yang dibutuhkan dalam suatu rekayasa jaringan adalah sel, scaffold matriks serta molekul stimulan growth factors . Bagaimana sifat mekanik dari scaffold kitosan/hidroksiapatit/kolagen produksi BATAN, Jakarta, belum pernah diteliti. Tujuan : Menganalisa sifat mekanik scaffold kitosan/hidroksiapatit/kolagen produksi BATAN, Jakarta, sebelum dan setelah direndam dalam simulated body fluid selama 8 hari. Metode : Menyediakan scaffold komposit kitosan/hidroksiapatit/kolagen, kemudian merendam scaffold didalam simulated body fluid pada suhu 37 0C, selama 8 hari. Kemudian masing ndash; masing scaffold diangkat dan dikeringkan pada suhu ruang pada hari 0, 2, 4, 6, 8. Untuk diuji kekuatan tekan dan kekuatan tarik. Data yang diperoleh diolah dan dianalisa. Hasil : Variasi nilai kekuatan tekan dan kekuatan tarik dapat dihubungkan dengan beberapa hal , ukuran spesimen yang tidak seragam, komposisi scaffold, ukuran pori scaffold yang tidak sama dan adanya degradasi dari kandungan polimer. Kesimpulan : Scaffold kitosan/hidroksiapatit/kolagen tidak memiliki kekuatan tarik dan kekuatan tekan sebelum dan setelah perendaman masing ndash;masing hari dengan simulated body fluid.

ABSTRACT
Background The reconstruction of bone tissue defect is a major challenge for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. The basic elements needed in a tissue engineering is a cell, scaffold matrix and stimulant molecules growth factors . How mechanical properties the scaffold of chitosan hydroxyapatite collagen production BATAN, Jakarta, has never been in research. Purpose Analyze the mechanical properties the scaffold of chitosan hydroxyapatite collagen from BATAN, Jakarta, before and after immersion in simulated body fluid for 8 days. Method Provides a composite scaffold of chitosan hydroxyapatite collagen, then soaking the scaffold in SBF at 37 0 C, for 8 days. Then each scaffold is removed and dried at room temperature on the day of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8. To test the compressive strength and tensile strength. The data obtained were processed and analyzed. Results Variations in the value of the compressive strength and tensile strength can be attributed to several things, the size of the specimen which is not the same, the composition of the scaffold, scaffold pore size is not the same and the degradation of the content polimer. Summary Scaffold chitosan hydroxyapatite collagen does not have differences the tensile strength and compressive strength before and after immersion with simulated body fluid."
2016
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Bonang Basuki Suroyudho
"Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan hasil interpretasi superimposisi maksila dan mandibula antara tiga metode superimposisi pada kelompok usia non-growing ≥ 20 tahun. Metode superimposisi maksila yang diteliti adalah pada area best fit, Björk dan Skieller, serta Springate. Sementara metode superimposisi mandibula yang diteliti adalah pada tepi bawah mandibula, Björk dan Skieller, serta Springate. Metode: Tracing dilakukan pada foto sebelum perawatan (T0) dengan membuat garis panduan sella-nasion (SN) dan garis N yang tegak lurus terhadap SN serta struktur anatomis pada regio maksila atau mandibula. Sedangkan pada foto setelah perawatan (T1), tracing dilakukan hanya pada struktur anatomis pada regio maksila dan mandibula saja. Kemudian hasil tracing setelah perawatan (T1) disuperimposisikan di atas hasiltracing sebelum perawatan (T0) berdasarkan berbagai metode superimposisi maksila atau mandibula. Setelah itu garis SN dan N pada tracing sebelum perawatan dipindahkan ke atas hasil tracing setelah perawatan. Terakhir, posisi titik referensi pada maksila (titik ANS, A, dan U1) atau mandibula (titik Pog, B, dan L1) diukur jarak koordinatnya secara vertikal dan horizontal ke garis SN dan N yang berperan sebagai sumbu x dan y. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan, baik dalam dimensi vertikal maupun horizontal, mengenai hasil interpretasi superimposisi maksila dan mandibula dengan tiga metode superimposisi yang diujikan pada kelompok usia non-growing ≥ 20 tahun. Kesimpulan: Evaluasi perawatan ortodontik pada pasien usia non-growing ≥ 20 tahun menggunakan berbagai metode superimposisi maksila dan mandibula menghasilkan hasil interpretasi yang sama, baik diukur dalam dimensi vertikal maupun horizontal. Sehingga pemilihan metode superimposisi maksila dan mandibula apapun pada pasiennon-growing tidak akan mempengaruhi hasil interpretasi evaluasi perawatan, selama metode superimposisi yang digunakan tetap memperhatikan struktur anatomis yang ada.

Objectives: To compare the interpretation of maxillary and mandibular superimposition between three methods on ≥ 20-year-old non-growing patients. Three maxillary superimposition methods used during the study were best fit, Björk-Skieller, and Springate. Meanwhile for mandibular superimposition, the methods used during the study were inferior border of mandible, Björk-Skieller, and Springate. Method: Tracing was executed on pre-treatment cephalogram (T0) to construct sella-nasion (SN) line and N line which was perpendicular to SN, and also to construct anatomical structures on maxilla or mandible. Tracing at post-treatment cephalogram (T1) was executed on maxillary or mandibular anatomical structures only. Then cephalogram tracing at T1 was superimposed on T0 based on three different superimposition methods on maxilla or mandible. SN line and N line at T0 were then transferred into T1 tracing as a reference line of x and y axis. Hence, the position of maxillary reference points (ANS, A, and U1) or mandibular reference points (Pog, B, and L1) could be accounted vertically and horizontally to the x and y axis. Results: No statistical difference in vertical or horizontal dimention, regarding the interpretation of maxillary and mandibular superimposition between three methods on ≥20-year-old non-growing patients. Conclusion: Post orthodontic treatment evaluation on ≥ 20-year-old non-growing patients using varied maxillary and mandibular superimposition methods may result the same interpretation in vertical or horizontal dimention. Any maxillary or mandibular superimposition methods could be used on non-growing patients and may not affect interpretation on post treatment evaluation, as long as the used methods account any existing anatomical structures."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia, 2019
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Indriati
"Pendahuluan: Trauma maksilofasial dapat terjadi karena beberapa etiologi dan yang paling sering terjadi ialah trauma akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas. Pasien dengan trauma maksilofasial biasanya akan menjalani perawatan rawat inap dengan durasi yang lama berkaitan dengan rangkaian perawatan yang harus dilakukan. Terdapat beberapa sistem penilaian tingkat keparahan dari trauma yang terjadi yang sudah diperkenalkan dan digunakan, dan sistem penilaian Facial Injury Severity Scale (FISS) oleh Bagheri et al telah digunakan secara luas untuk menilai derajat keparahan cedera maksilofasial. Trauma maksilofasial dapat menjadi salah satu kondisi yang dapat berhubungan dengan cedera kranial, sehingga penilaian kesadaran perlu dilakukan. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) adalah sistem penilaian kesadaran pasien pasca trauma yang telah digunakan secara luas selama empat dekade terakhir. Namun, kemampuan kedua sistem penilaian tersebut dalam menunjukkan hubungan tingkat keparahan trauma dan tingkat kesadaran dengan lama rawat inap masih jarang digunakan dalam penelitian. Tujuan: Untuk mengevaluasi indeks keparahan trauma maksilofasial menggunakan (FISS) dan tingkat kesadaran (GCS) dengan lama rawat inap pada pasien trauma maksilofasial di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo pada periode Januari 2019 hingga Desember 2022. Metode: Studi restrospektif, menggunakan data sekunder dengan menganalisis rekam medis trauma maksilofasial semua rentang usia di IGD RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo pada periode Januari 2019 hingga Desember 2022. Hasil dan pembahasan: Sebanyak 346 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi diikutkan dalam studi ini. Analisis multivariat menunjukan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna tiap kelompok secara statistik (p>0,05) antara skor FISS dengan lama rawat inap dan didapatkan tidak adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara lama rawat inap dengan skor FISS (p > 0,05). Hubungan lama rawat inap dengan skor FISS menunjukkan hubungan yang lemah dan berpola positif, di mana semakin bertambah skor FISS, akan menambah lama rawat inap. Analisis multivariat juga menunjukan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna tiap kelompok secara statistik (p>0,05) antara skor FISS dengan lama rawat inap dan tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara lama rawat inap dengan Nilai GCS (p > 0,05). Hubungan lama rawat inap dengan nilai GCS menunjukkan hubungan yang lemah dan berpola negatif di mana semakin berkurang nilai GCS, akan menambah lama rawat inap.Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dari skor FISS dan GCS terhadap lama rawat inap pasien.

Introduction: Maxillofacial trauma can occur due to several etiologies and the most common is trauma due to traffic accidents. Patients with maxillofacial trauma will usually undergo inpatient treatment with a long duration due to the series of treatments. There are several trauma severity rating systems that have been introduced and used, and the Facial Injury Severity Scale (FISS) rating system by Bagheri et al has been widely used to assess the severity of maxillofacial injuries. Maxillofacial trauma can be one of the conditions that can be associated with cranial injuries, so an assessment of consciousness needs to be done. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a system for assessing the consciousness of posttraumatic patients that has been widely used over the past four decades. However, the ability of the two scoring systems to show the relationship between trauma severity and level of consciousness with length of hospitalization is rarely used in research, Objective: To evaluate the index of severity of maxillofacial trauma using FISS and level of consciousness (GCS) with length of hospitalization in maxillofacial trauma patients at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo from January 2019 to December 2022. Metode: Retrospective study, using secondary data by analyzing Maxillofacial Trauma medical records for all age ranges in the emergency room at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo from January 2019 to December 2022. Result and Discussion: A total of 346 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in this study. Multivariate analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference between each group (p>0.05) between the FISS Score and length of hospitalization and there was no significant relationship between length of hospitalization and FISS Score (p>0.05). The relationship between length of hospitalization and FISS score shows a weak relationship and has a positive pattern, where the increasing FISS score will increase the length of hospitalization. Multivariate analysis also showed that there was no statistically significant difference between each group (p>0.05) between the FISS score and length of hospitalization and there was no significant relationship between length of hospitalization and GCS score (p>0.05). The relationship between the length of hospitalization and the GCS score shows a weak relationship and has a negative pattern, where the decreasing the GCS score, the longer the length of hospitalization. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the FISS and GCS scores on the patient's length of hospitalization."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia, 2023
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Muhammad Sidqi Hanafiah
"Pada penatalaksanaan fraktur maksilofasial secara internal fiksasi diperlukan pemasangan alat miniplate dan screw sampai terjadi penyembuhan tulang, salah satu material yang paling sering digunakan untuk memfabrikasi miniplate dan screw di pasaran adalah Titanium murni dan TI-6Al-4V, secara ekonomis titanium murni memiliki harga yang lebih tinggi dari TI-6Al-4V yang merupakan metal campuran, penilitian ini bermaksud untuk membandingkan properti mekanikal kedua material sebagai miniplate di bagian maksilofasial, serta menyesuaikan dimensi miniplate TI-6Al-4V untuk menyamai properti mekanikal Titanium Murni.

In the internal fixation management of maxillofacial fractures, the placement of miniplate and screw is necessary until bone repair takes place, materials that most commonly used to fabricate miniplates and screws are Pure Titanium and TI-6Al-4V ,Economically Pure Titanium tend to have higher price than TI-6Al-4V which is an alloy metals, this research is being held to compare the mechanical properties of both material as a miniplate that specifically used on the maxillofacial, this researacg will also adjust the design of TI-6Al-4V miniplate in order to replicate the property of pure titanium miniplate."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2018
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Merli, Mauro
Milan: Qe, 2013
617.693 MER i
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Hendi Utomo Suhandi
"Gigi impaksi merupakan kondisi patologis dimana gigi mengalami kegagalan untuk erupsi secara sempurna pada rongga mulut sesuai posisi fungsionalnya. Tatalaksana untuk gigi molar 3 impaksi adalah odontektomi, dapat dilakukan dalam anestesi lokal maupun anestesi umum atau narkose (general anesthesia). Edema merupakan salah satu komplikasi yang dapat terjadi akibat adanya akumulasi cairan pada jaringan yang disebabkan karena pelepasan mediator inflamasi, vasodilatasi, dan peningkatan permeabilitas kapiler pembuluh darah pasca odontektomi gigi molar 3. Edema pasca odontektomi biasanya memuncak pada 48 jam pasca tindakan odontektomi, dan akan menurun pada hari ke 7 hingga hari ke 10 pasca odontektomi. 3D Scanner ekstra oral ini mampu menghasilkan pengukuran linear dan pengukuran volumetrik yang akurat karena mampu menampilkan pengukuran baik dari bidang aksial, sagital, dan koronal. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia (RSUI) dengan rentang waktu penelitian Januari 2024-Maret 2024. Berdasarkan analisa sampel pada penelitian ini memiliki responden terbanyak dengan interval usia 18 hingga 40 tahun. Scan pasien dilakukan pada hari pertama dilakukannya odontektomi (H0), hari ke-2 (H2) dan hari ke-7 (H7) sejak tindakan odontektomi dengan narkose dilaksanakan. Scan subjek dianalisis menggunakan software Simplify3D® 4.0 dan 3D Builder. 1. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, terdapat perbedaan yang sangat signifikan (p<0.001) evaluasi edema pada wajah pasca odontektomi gigi molar tiga impaksi dengan narkose yang dinilai dengan 3D Scanner ekstra oral. Terjadi kenaikan pada hari ke-2 dibandingkan dengan hari ke-0, serta penurunan kembali di hari ke-7 bila dibandingkan dengan hari ke-2 hingga mendekati pengukuran awal di hari ke-0. Penelitian ini menjadi pilot study pengukuran dengan reliabilitas dan keakuratan tinggi menggunakan scanner 3D ekstraoral.

Impacted teeth are a pathological condition where teeth fail to erupt properly in the oral cavity in their functional position. The management for impacted third molars involves a procedure called odontectomy, which can be performed under local anesthesia or general anesthesia. Edema is one of the complications that may occur due to the accumulation of fluid in tissues caused by the release of inflammatory mediators, vasodilation, and increased capillary permeability post-odontectomy of third molar teeth. Edema post-odontectomy typically peaks at 48 hours after the procedure and decreases by days 7 to 10 post-odontectomy. Extraoral 3D scanner is capable of producing accurate linear and volumetric measurements because it can display measurements from axial, sagittal, and coronal planes. This study was conducted at the University of Indonesia Hospital (RSUI) within the timeframe of January 2024 to March 2024. Based on sample analysis in this study, the majority of respondents fell within the age range of 18 to 40 years old. Patient scans were performed on the day of odontectomy (H0), on day 2 (H2), and on day 7 (H7) following odontectomy with anesthesia. Subject scans were analyzed using Simplify3D® 4.0 and 3D Builder software. 1. According to the research findings, there was a very significant difference (p<0.001) in the evaluation of edema on the face post-odontectomy of impacted third molar teeth with general anesthesia as assessed by the extraoral 3D scanner. There was an increase on day 2 compared to day 0, followed by a decrease on day 7 compared to day 2, approaching the initial measurement on day 0. This study serves as a pilot study for measurements with high reliability and accuracy using an extraoral 3D scanner."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia, 2024
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Lilies Dwi Sulistyani
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia, 2025
PGB-pdf
UI - Pidato  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Oditya
"Insidensi trauma maksilofasial dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti: budaya, latar belakang penduduk, ekonomi, dan kepadatan penduduk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui insidensi kasus trauma maksilofasial yang terdapat di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta RSUD Tarakan, RSUD Koja, RSUD Cengkareng, RSUD Budhi Asih, RSUD Pasar Rebo, RSKD Duren Sawit, RSUD Kepulauan Seribu. Ditemukan 957 pasien trauma maksilofasial dan 138 fraktur maksilofasial yang dikelompokkan berdasarkan usia, jenis kelamin, penyebab dan lokasi fraktur. Kelompok usia 21-27 tahun adalah kelompok usia tertinggi dari trauma maksilofasial, jenis kelamin laki-laki 74,82, Perempuan 25,18 dengan perbandingan 3:1. Penyebab trauma maksilofasial yang tertinggi adalah kecelakaan lalu lintas.

Incidence of maxillofacial trauma affected by several factors culture, population background, economical status, and population density. This study aimed to determine the incidence of maxillofacial trauma occured in the General Hospital of DKI Jakarta RSUD Tarakan, RSUD Koja, RSUD Cengkareng, RSUD Budhi Asih, RSUD Pasar Rebo, RSKD Duren Sawit, RSUD Kepulauan Seribu. There is 957 patient with maxillofacial trauma cases and 138 patients with maxillofacial fractures cases by age, sex, cause and location of fracture. The age group of 21 27 years old is the highest group of maxillofacial trauma found, male 74.82, 25.18 women with a ratio of 3 1. The cause of maxillofacial trauma were highest traffic accident.
"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia, 2016
SP-Pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Andi Setiawan Budihardja
Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, 2018
617.520 59 AND t
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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