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"In the past couple of years, several studies have demonstrated that T- helper cells play an important role in the induction and reaction process of allergy. The T-helper cell (T-h) is a kind of T lymphocyte. At first, in the year 1921 Praustniz and Kustner, as quoted by Romagnani, stated the concept that allergy is an interaction between allergens and the IgE (Immunoglobulin E) specific antibody that is attached to IgE receptors on mast cells or mastocytes, which would then release its mediators. Other factors that also play a role in the development of allergy is lymphokine, produced by T-cells, which regulate IgE antibody production by the B-cell.1 Lymphokine or cytokine is a hormone-like substance released by T-cells, B-cells, or other cells, that function as intercellular signaling substances in the regulation of immune responses towards outside stimuli.'"

"Ion kalsium (Ca2+) merupakan kation yang berperan dalam kondensasi kromosom. Berbagai penelitian mengenai pengaruh Ca2+ terhadap struktur kromosom telah dilaporkan. Akan tetapi, penelitian-penelitian tersebut masih terbatas pada galur sel kanker atau sel hewan mamalia dengan pendekatan analisis ultrastruktur. Pengaruh Ca2+ terhadap struktur dan pola banding kromosom pada sel manusia non-kanker belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Ca2+ terhadap struktur dan pola banding kromosom dari sel darah manusia melalui teknik GTL-banding. Sel darah manusia dikultur, kemudian dilakukan pemanenan kromosom dan banding menggunakan pewarna Leishman. Pengaruh Ca2+ dievaluasi dengan menginkubasikan kromosom pada dua larutan berbeda, yaitu larutan 1 mM BAPTA sebagai chelator spesifik Ca2+ dan 1 mM EDTA sebagai chelator kation, dan dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan mengamati struktur dan pola banding kromosom, serta secara kuantitatif dengan menentukan nilai kromosom berdasarkan kriteria Quality Assessment (QA) dari International System for Human Cytogenetics Nomenclature (ISCN). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan kromosom kelompok perlakuan 1 mM BAPTA memiliki struktur tidak padat, membentuk struktur fibrous, dan berukuran lebih lebar dibandingkan kromosom kontrol dengan pola banding tidak jelas dan kabur. Kromosom kelompok perlakuan 1 mM EDTA membentuk struktur tidak padat dan berukuran lebih panjang dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Rata-rata nilai kromosom pada kelompok kontrol, BAPTA, dan EDTA berturut-turut adalah 4,467 ± 0,78; 4,30 ± 0,75; dan 4,467 ± 0,86. Perbedaan struktur kromosom, pola banding, dan rata-rata nilai kromosom pada kromosom 1 mM BAPTA dan 1 mM EDTA menunjukkan bahwa kation Ca2+ merupakan faktor penting dalam kondensasi struktur kromosom.

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Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a cation that has a major role in chromosome condensation. Studies about Ca2+ effect in chromosome structure have been reported. However, the studies are limited for cancer cell lines using the ultrastructure analysis approach. The effect of Ca2+ on chromosome structure and banding pattern of the human non-cancer cell line is still unknown. This study aims to determine the effect of Ca2+ on human blood cell chromosome structure and banding pattern using the GTL-banding technique. The blood cell was cultured and then the chromosome was harvested and banded with Leishman dye. The Ca2+ effect was evaluated by using 1 mM BAPTA as Ca2+ specific chelator and 1 mM EDTA as common cation chelator and then compared with the control. The data were then analysis both qualitatively by observing chromosome structure and banding pattern, as well as quantitatively by determining chromosome value based on Quality Assessment (QA) from International System for Human Cytogenetics Nomenclature (ISCN). The result showed that the BAPTA-treated chromosome structure was fuzzy, fibrous, and wider than the control group with a less clear banding pattern than the control. In addition, EDTA-treated chromosome structure was less condensed and longer than those of the control. The mean chromosome value of control, BAPTA-, and EDTA-treated chromosome are 4.467 ± 0.78; 4.30 ± 0.75; and 4.467 ± 0.86. Distinct characteristic of chromosome structure, banding pattern, and mean of chromosome value from BAPTA- and EDTA-treated chromosome further indicates that Ca2+ plays an important role in chromosome condensation."

"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that can cause fatal infection in immunocompromised patient. This is an opportunist pathogen which is associated with some dental infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces pyocyanin that functions as an important virulent factor in bacterial invasion. It can be identified in the lesion tissue and capable to induce cellular damage in endothelial cell, respiratory, neutrophil, and lymphocytes. B lymphocyte plays a significant role in the immune response of periapical infection; however, its cellular and molecular response to pyocyanin is unclear.

Objective: To investigate cellular responses of B lymphocyte to the exposure of pyocyanin and the role of caspase-3 in its molecular mechanism.

Methods: B lymphocytes (Raji cells) were cultured, and in five replications were exposed to various concentrations of pyocyanin for 24 h. MTT assay was performed to analyze the cytotoxicity effect of pyocyanin. Cell morphological analysis using phase contrast microscope were done in separate experiments. Immunocytochemical analysis was carried out for the identification of active caspase-3 protein expression, to study the mechanism involved in pyocyanin induced cellular damage.

Results: It showed that cell viability was decreased in pcyocyanin-treated groups. Pyocyanin induced cell death on B lymphocyte in a dose-dependent manner. Statistical analysis using ANOVA demonstrated significant difference between groups with p=0.000. Nuclear fragmentation was observed in pyocyanin-induced cell death; furthermore, caspase-3 was expressed clearly in cell cytoplasm after 24 h incubation.

Conclusion: Pyocyanin is capable of inducing cell death on B lymphocyte. Caspase-3 may play an important role in the molecular mechanism of pyocyanin-induced cell death."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Lesi koroner kompleks berkaitan dengan prognosis buruk SKA. Pentingnya revaskularisasi awal untuk mengurangi angka morbiditas dan mortalitas. PLR berkaitan dengan kompleksitas lesi buruk dan diharapkan menjadi acuan dalam identifikasi dini lesi koroner kompleks.Tujuan: Mengetahui akurasi diagnostik dan nilai titik potong PLR sebagai penapis lesi koroner kompleks baik pada kelompok usia ≤45 tahun dan >45 tahun.Metode: Sebuah studi potong lintang secara retrospektif di ICCU RSUPN-CM. Data diambil dari rekam medis pasien SKA dewasa dan menjalani angiografi koroner dari Januari 2012 ? Juli 2015. Akurasi diagnositik dinilai dengan menghitung sensitivitas dan spesifisitas. Nilai titik potong ditentukan menggunakan kurva ROC.Hasil: Proporsi pasien SKA dengan lesi koroner kompleks 47,2%. Nilai titik potong optimal pada pasien usia ≤45 tahun adalah 111,06 dengan sensivitas 91,3% dan spesifisitas 91,9. Pada kelompok usia >45 tahun nilai titik potong optimal pada angka 104,78 dengan nilai sensivitas 91,7% dan spesifisitas 58,6.Simpulan: Nilai titik potong PLR optimal pada kelompok usia ≤45 adalah 111,06 dan kelompok usia >45 tahun adalah 104,78 dengan akurasi diagnositik masing-masing AUC 93,9% (p <0,001) dan AUC 77,3% (p <0,001).

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ABSTRACT

Background: A Complex coronary lesion is related to poor prognosis in ACS patient. The importance of early revascularization is to decrease mortality and complications. Inflammatory marker such as PLR related to complex coronary lesions and expected to be a tool that can assist physicians and cardiologists to stratify patients who have high probability for having a complex coronary lesion.

Aim: Evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of PLR in identifying a complex coronary lesion in ACS patient. The other aim was to identify the proportion of complex coronary lesion and cut-off point of PLR between ≤45 years old group and >45 years old group subjects.

Method: This is a cross sectional retrospectively study in ACS patients hospitalized in ICCU of RSUPN-CM from January 2012 until July 2015. The inclusion are adult ACS patients and who underwent coronary. The diagnostic accuracy was determined by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, Positive LR, and Negative LR. The cut-off point was determined using ROC curve.

Results: The proportion of complex coronary lesion was 47,2%. The optimal cut-off point in ≤45 years old group was 111,06 with sensitivity and specificity respectively 91,3% and 91,9%. The optimal cut-off points in >45 years old groups was 104,78 with sensitivity and specificity respectively 91,7% and 58,6%.

Conclusion: The optimal cut-off point of ≤45 years old groups is 111,06 and for >45 years old group is 104,78. The diagnostic accuracy of PLR in ≤45 years old groups was very good (AUC 93,9%, p value <0,001), while in >45 years old group was moderate (AUC 77,3%, p value <0,001)."

"ABSTRAKPasien kanker payudara sering terjadi penurunan sistem imun yaitu menurunnya limfosit, yang dapat meningkatkan angka kematian. Akupunktur diharapkan dapat menjadi pilihan terapi untuk meningkatkan limfosit karena terapi farmakologi saat ini harganya sangat mahal dan mempunyai efek samping. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan tindakan EA sebagai immunomodulator terhadap imunitas seluler dengan meningkatkan jumlah persentase limfosit sediaan apus darah tepi pada mencit C3H model adenokarsinoma payudara. Penelitian eksperimental laboratorik dengan post test only control group design melibatkan dua puluh sediaan apus darah tepi yang diambil dari 20 mencit C3H model adenokarsinoma payudara yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok yaitu Kelompok K tidak diberi perlakuan EA, kelompok P1 dilakukan EA 1 kali, kelompok P2 dilakukan EA 2 kali dan P3 dilakukan EA 3 kali. Tindakan EA dilakukan pada titik ST36 Zusanli, BL18 Ganshu, BL20 Pishu dengan frekuensi 2Hz selama 15 menit. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rata-rata persentase limfosit tertinggi terdapat pada kelompok P2 49,60 7,021 . Dengan uji ANOVA jumlah persentase limfosit antara kelompok P1, P2, P3 dan kelompok kontrol tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata yang bermakna p=0.811 . Kesimpulan yang diperoleh yaitu elektroakupunktur meningkatkan jumlah persentase limfosit sediaan apus darah tepi pada mencit C3H model adenokarsinoma payudara.

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ABSTRACTBreast Cancer Patients often decrease the immune system that is decreased lymphocytes, which can increase mortality. Acupuncture is expected to be a therapeutic option to increase lymphocytes because current pharmacological therapy is very expensive and has side effects. This study aims to prove the action of EA as an immunomodulator against cellular immunity by increasing the percentage of lymphocytes of peripheral blood smear in C3H mice of breast adenocarcinoma model. Laboratory experimental study with post test only control group design involving twenty peripheral blood smear preparations taken from 20 mice C3H breast adenocarcinoma model divided into 4 groups ie Group K not given EA treatment, group P1 performed EA 1 times, group P2 performed EA 2 times and P3 done EA 3 times. The action of EA is done at ST36 Zusanli point, BL18 Ganshu, BL20 Pishu with frequency of 2Hz for 15 minutes. The result showed that the highest percentage of lymphocyte was found in group P2 49,60 7,021 . With ANOVA test, the number of lymphocyte percentages between P1, P2, P3 and control group did not have significant mean difference p 0.811 . The conclusion obtained is that electroacupuncture increases the percentage of lymphocytes of the peripheral blood smear in C3H mice of breast adenocarcinoma model. "

"Saat ini ilmu pengetahuan telah maju dengan pesatnya, berbagai macam penemuan pada bidang ilmu biologi dan aplikasi kedokteran saling melengkapi satu sama lain. Namun demikian data yang dikemukakan oleh para ilmuan sering kontrakdiksi satu sama lain sehingga memerlukan pengetahuan yang lebih luas untuk memahami keutuhan ilmu itu sendiri. Buku ini dapat dijadikan pegangan awal mahasiswa biologi dan kedokteran untuk memahami fenomena-fenomena yang menyangkut aspek biologi dan medik utamanya yang terkait dengan masalah autoimun dan bioregulator. Buku ini juga sangat penting untuk dibaca semua kalangan yang ingin mengetahui perkembangan ilmu imunologi terkini. Terlepas dari pertentangan-pertentangan para ilmuan dalam ranah teoritik, buku ini dapat menjadi referensi yang bermanfaat dan menunjukkan betapa pentingnya ilmu ilmunologi sebagai penunjang dalam penegakan diagnosis pada ilmu kedokteran dan sebagai salah satu cabang ilmu penting pada bidang basic science. Mengingat ilmu imunologi sangat terkait dengan cabang ilmu lain termasuk fisiologi dan mikrobiologi, maka pemahaman cabang-cabang ilmu itu sangat dibutuhkan untuk memudahkan pemahaman ilmu imunologi dan komprehensif."

"ABSTRAKIndeks Massa Tubuh dan Rasio Platelet-Limfosit (PLR) yang tinggi menunjukkan prognosis buruk pasien kanker payudara. Peneliti menduga adanya korelasi positif antara perubahan nilai keduanya; serta nilai PLR akhir yang berbeda signifikan pada wanita dengan IMT meningkat 5%. Peneliti menggunakan desain potong-lintang dan menganalisis data rekam medis dari 2 rumah sakit di Jakarta. Perubahan IMT tidak berkorelasi dengan perubahan PLR (p>0,05); serta tidak terdapat PLR akhir yang berbeda bermakna antara kedua kelompok. Hal ini diduga disebabkan variasi regimen kemoterapi, metode pengambilan sampel dan faktor lain yang tidak diteliti.

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ABSTRACTHigh Body Mass Index and Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) show a poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. The author hypothesized that there is a positive correlation between changes in both values; and final PLR values is significantly difference in women with 5% increase in BMI. The author used a cross-sectional design and analyzed medical record data from 2 hospitals in Jakarta. Changes in BMI were not correlated with changes in PLR (p>0,05); and there were no final PLR that was significantly different between the two groups. This can be due to variations in chemotherapy regimens, sampling methods, and other factors not examined."