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"In the daily life of the Indonesian people, a penghulu plays a role in accordance with the way the word is understood by the community in which he lives. In West Sumatra, a penghulu is the head of the nagari. In Riau, he has a status equal to that of a head of a village. In Java, he has an authority in all administrative matters of religion. This paper discusses the meaning of penghulu as depicted in old manuscripts written by the natives. Based on a research on these native manuscripts, it can be concluded that a penghulu plays the roles of both a bureaucrat and a Muslim leader."

"Hermeneutics is a word that becomes popular lately especially among postmodernist people. Since the definition and the scope become broader, many groups of people can use hermeneutics nowadays. One of the application of hermeneutics is the interpretation of Al-Qur?an, the Moslems? holy bible. It is known that Moslems has their own way in interpreting their bible, with Tafsir. The focus of this paper is to convey the similarity and the difference between hermeneutics and Tafsir, and also the Moslems? opinion toward the interpreter who use hermeneutics as the frame of his interpretation."

"Orientasi Religi diartikan sebagai cara pandang individu mengenai kepercayaan maupun agamanya. Orientasi Religi masyarakat Jawa dipandang sebagai pedoman hidup yang menganutnya. Pedoman hidup maksudnya adalah sebagai batasan maupun aturan bagi diri sendiri supaya tingkah lakunya tertata dan tidak melewati batas.Piwulang Kasampurnaning Ngagesang (PKN) merupakan naskah Jawa yang isinya membahas tentang orientasi religi masyarakat Jawa yang perlu untuk dianut supaya hidupnya dapat menuju kepada kesempurnaan hidup. Teks PKN ditulis dengan huruf Jawa dalam bahasa Jawa ragam krama yang saat ini sudah tidak begitu dipahami lagi oleh masyarakat Jawa. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, kemudian muncul pertanyaan tentang bagaimana cara agar teks PKN dapat dipahami oleh pembaca masa kini? Pertanyaan kedua mengenai bagaimana nilai religi yang terkandung dalam teks dapat diamalkan sebagai arahan manusia agar mencapai kesempurnaan hidup? Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menampilkan teks PKN dan mengungkapkan kandungan isi teksnya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian filologi, dan kandungan isi teksnya dianalisis dengan pendekatan religi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa naskah PKN merupakan naskah piwulang yang memuat sistem religi orang Jawa. Berdasarkan analisis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara filologis teks ini masih banyak kesalahan penulisan dan diberikan perbaikan dengan memberi tanda-tanda, sedangkan berdasarkan isi teks PKN dapat dikatakan bahwa untuk dapat mencapai kesempurnaan hidup adalah dengan menganut nilai ajaran hidup dan religius yaitu orientasi religi Jawa yang diajarkan dalam teks.

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Religious orientation is defined as an individual's perspective on beliefs and religions. The religious orientation of the Javanese society is seen as a way of life for those who adhere to it. Guidelines for life are limits and rules for oneself so that one's behavior is orderly and does not cross the line. Piwulang Kasampurnaning Ngagesang (PKN) is a Javanese text that discusses the religious orientation of Javanese society that needs to be embraced in order to lead to the perfection of life. The text of the PKN is written in Javanese letters in Javanese with a variety of manners which currently cannot be understood by the Javanese people anymore. Based on this, the question then arises about how to make the PKN text acceptable to today's readers? The second question is how can the religious values ​​contained in the text be practiced as a human directive in order to achieve the perfection of life? The purpose of this study is to display the PKN text and reveal the contents of the text. The method used in this research is a philological research method, and the content of the text is analyzed with a religious approach. The results of this study indicate that the PKN script is a piwulang script that contains the Javanese religious system. Based on this, it can be said that philologically there are still many writing errors and giving corrections by giving signs, while based on the contents of the PKN text it can be said that to achieve the perfection of life is to apply the values of life and religious teachings taught which is religious orientation in the text."