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Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bergerak dari dua arah dengan mengacu pada satu tujuan menjelaskan model metodologi kritik sastra Indonesia. Satu arah a priori berdasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa perkembangan kritik sastra mengambil metode yang beragam sehingga memerlukan Satu penjelasan umum yang memadai untuk menerangkan masing-masing model. Fenomenologi dipilih karena melihat bentuk penelitian humaniora sebagai suatu intensionalitas subjek-objek, yang merangkum secara menyakinkan fase-fase penelitian melalui apa yang disebut dengan tahapan intensionalitas, yakni objektifikasi, identifikasi, horison, profil kelengkapan, dan konstitusi. Arah a postertori dikembangkan melalui teknik generalisasi sampai menemukan rumusan model-model metode yang digunakan kritikus. Dari arah ini, metode yang mementingkan objektifikasi dan identifikasi karya disebut dengan antologi, sedangkan sebaliknya, yang tidak mementingkan berapa banyak data tetapi lebih pada unsur-unsur terstruktur sebagai eksplisitasi dari profil kelengkapan disebut dengan metode struktural. Unsur identifikasi dan penciptaan horison yang dihubungkan dengan dimensi ruang-waktu akan berupaya memahami subjek sebagai dasar pemahaman terhadap karya. Identifikasi subjek melalui profil kelengkapan ini disebut dengan model biografis. Adapun kegiatan penelitian yang sampai pada penyusunan konsitusi akan berorientasi pada perbandingan dengan konstitusi yang terjadi sebelumnya, sehingga terjadi konsitusi ganda. Dalam konsitusi ganda, yang disebut dengan model emansipatoris ini, berupaya melakukan koreksi-koreksi atas kemajuan gagasan yang telah dilakukan. Kendati terjadi konsitusi ganda dalam model feminisme, penyusunan konsitusi ini lebih diarahkan pada dekonstruksi patriakhi, yakni pematahan penjelasan yang bias gender. Dari dasar pemikiran itu, dalam kaitannya dengan objek penelitian dilakukan dua tahap pengumpulan. Tahap pertama pengumpulan data melalui teknik random purposive sampling dengan batasan kritik sastra Indonesia tahun 1932-2001. Pengumpulan data ini disusun berdasarkan cluster demi memudahkan identifikasi selanjutnya secara bertingkat. Tahap kedua, identifikasi tiap cluster kemudian dibagi per I0 tahun dengan mengesampingkan tendensi politik dalam sejarah sastra Indonesia. Dua tahapan itu dijadikan dasar untuk melakukan analisis berdasarkan kategorisasi metodologis. Hasil dari dua tahap pengumpulan data adalah sebanyak 323 kritik sastra Indonesia. Jika dengan sampling error sekitar 11 % maka diperkirakan selama 70 tahun (1932-2001) kritik sastra yang terbit di Indonesia adalah 300 sampai 400 judul buku dengan pengarang berjumlah 168 orang. Dari sejumlah judul buku tersebut, dipilih 23 kritik sastra yang diduga merepresentasikan kritik yang dihimpun.

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The research has moved on two ways referring to one result of which is to explain methodological models of Indonesian Criticism. On one a priori way is based on the tact that literary criticism used to getting various methods. So phenomenology is necessary to find the fundamental ideas in order to explore them with the reason that it is showed plausibly the research as subject-object intentionality. The theory proved the phase of intention that is objectification, identification, making horizon, profile of perfection, and constitution. While the way a priori, on other side, is used method of generalizing to formulize the methodological models. lf the method looks for data as many as possible, then this is called anthological models, while inversely, the method looks for the structural elements in the work, so he called structural models. When the elements related to outer world -in this case of author world- this is named biographical models. Elements concemed with a theme, a trying to prove many profile of landscape, so this is called emansipatoty. lf the models have target of sight generally, the feminism models is more particular to deconstruct the patriarchal term. For this reason: the research operates two steps. First, gathering data by random purposive sampling in which these scope of Indonesian literary criticism are from 1932-2001. They conceived by cluster in order to identify the problem per level. Second, identifying divided by per ten years excluding politics interest in the history of lndoncsian literary criticism, Two steps are basic research followed by analyzing lirstly on methodological category. The results are 323 hooks from 1932 to 2001. If sampling error around of l l % then during 70 years Indonesian literary criticism are 300400 books written by 168 critics. Front this description, they are selected 23 object of the list assumed representing Indonesian criticism. Based on the data, there are five methodological models of Indonesian criticism that is anthological models, structural, biography, emansipatory, and feminism.

Abstrak :
[Arguably the most influential political writer of the twentieth century, George Orwell remains a crucial voice for our times. Known world-wide for his two best-selling masterpieces Nineteen Eighty-Four, a gripping portrait of a dystopian future, and Animal Farm, a brilliant satire on the Russian Revolution, Orwell has been revered as an essayist, journalist and literary-political intellectual, and his works have exerted a powerful international impact on the post-World War Two era. This Introduction examines Orwell's life, work and legacy, addressing his towering achievement and his ongoing appeal. Combining important biographical detail with close analysis of his writings, the book considers the various genres in which Orwell wrote: the realistic novel, the essay, journalism and the anti-utopia. Ideally suited for readers approaching Orwell's work for the first time, the book concludes with an extended reflection on why George Orwell has enjoyed a literary afterlife unprecedented among modern authors in any language., Arguably the most influential political writer of the twentieth century, George Orwell remains a crucial voice for our times. Known world-wide for his two best-selling masterpieces Nineteen Eighty-Four, a gripping portrait of a dystopian future, and Animal Farm, a brilliant satire on the Russian Revolution, Orwell has been revered as an essayist, journalist and literary-political intellectual, and his works have exerted a powerful international impact on the post-World War Two era. This Introduction examines Orwell's life, work and legacy, addressing his towering achievement and his ongoing appeal. Combining important biographical detail with close analysis of his writings, the book considers the various genres in which Orwell wrote: the realistic novel, the essay, journalism and the anti-utopia. Ideally suited for readers approaching Orwell's work for the first time, the book concludes with an extended reflection on why George Orwell has enjoyed a literary afterlife unprecedented among modern authors in any language.]

Abstrak :
The degrading environment of the planet is something that touches everyone. This book offers an introductory overview of literary and cultural criticism that concerns environmental crisis in some form. Both as a way of reading texts and as a theoretical approach to culture more generally, 'ecocriticism' is a varied and fast-changing set of practices which challenges inherited thinking and practice in the reading of literature and culture. This introduction defines what ecocriticism is, its methods, arguments and concepts, and will enable students to look at texts in a wholly new way. Boxed sections explain key critical terms and contemporary debates in the field with 'hands-on' examples and comparisons. Timothy Clark's thoughtful approach makes this an ideal first encounter with environmental readings of literature.

Abstrak :
In this book, Johnston and Mangat consider ways in which particular postcolonial and multicultural literary texts are able to provide a space of cultural mediation for readers from various backgrounds. The studies described in the five chapters of the book explore the spaces of convergence of identity, culture and literature with students and teachers in high school contexts and undergraduates in university settings. In each study, readers are responding to texts that are culturally distant from their own literary and experiential histories.