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Abstrak :
Artikel ini membahas tentang Gerakan Pramuka di bawah Soekarno.Pramuka lahir 14 Agustus 1961. Lahirnya pramuka tidak dapat dilepaskan dari kondisi sosial politik pada masa Demokrasi Terpimpin. Kecewa dengan ketidakstabilan politik pada masa Demokrasi Liberal, Soekarno membutuhkan media yang lebih efektif untuk menyebarkan paham nasionalisme, khususnya di kalangan pemuda. Soekarno melihat kesempatan itu di dalam organisasi kepanduan. Namun, Soekarno merasa bahwa organisasi kepanduan terlalu kekanak-kanakan. Maka Ia membentuk pramuka dengan menggabungkan beberapa organisasi kepanduan ke dalam satu payung organisasi. Pramuka dibentuk dengan menitikberatkan ajarannya kepada Pancasila. Pramuka juga diberdayakan agar berguna bukan hanya untuk anggota melainkan juga kepada masyarakat luas. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari, heuristik (mencari dan mengumpulkan sumber), kritik sumber (kritik intern dan ekstern), interpretasi (penafsiran sumber) dan historiografi (penulisan sejarah). Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa Pemikiran Soekarno mengenai semangat nasionalisme sangat terasa dalam Gerakan Pramuka pada masa Demokrasi Terpimpin. ......This article discusses Pramuka under Soekarno. Pramuka was born on August 14, 1961. The birth of the Pramuka cannot be separated from the socio-political conditions during the Guided Democracy period. Disappointed with the political instability during the Liberal Democracy, Soekarno needed a more effective medium to spread nationalism, especially among the youth. Soekarno saw the opportunity in the Pramuka organization. However, Soekarno felt that the scouting organization was too childish. So he formed scouts by combining several scouting organizations into one umbrella organization. Pramuka was formed by emphasizing its teachings on Pancasila. Scouts are also empowered to be useful not only to members but also to the wider community. This research uses historical research methods consisting of, heuristics (finding and collecting sources), source criticism (internal and external criticism), interpretation (interpretation of sources) and historiography (historical writing). From the research that has been done, it can be concluded that Soekarno's thoughts on the spirit of nationalism were felt in the Pramuka during the Guided Democracy period.

Abstrak :
This article tracks the initial ideas and basic principles of the concept of participative democracy, as well as the analysis of its application possibilities in Indonesia. The writer see the concept of participative democracy as the alternative of liberal democracy practice, which so far has not yet functioned well in channeling the Indonesian people's interest. Participative democracy has been applied in some countries. It is not a new thing to some of indonesian people, so the possibility of applying it is quite open in the context of regulations and governance. The writer see that there are four factors needed to support the application of the concept of participative democracy, i.e.: egalitarian culture, the foundation of official law. Deliberation process in decisions making, and the transparency of the communication information system. At last, this article emphasizes that the way of seeing the prospect and the efforts of applying participative democracy in Indonesia had better be focused on the process than the result.