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"Perusahaan menggunakan pendanaan eksternal melalui utang dan ekuitas pada saat perusahaan tidak dapat membiayai aktivitas operasional dan investasinya dengan hanya menggunakan pendanaan internal. Pecking order theory menyebutkan bahwa pemilihan struktur permodalan perusahaan akan berdasarkan pada rendahnya asymmetric information cost dimana perusahaan menggunakan pendanaan internal sebelum mencari pendanaan eksternal. Namun, dalam trade-off theory, perusahaan akan menggunakan leverage karena adanya tax deductible sehingga perusahaan akan meningkatkan debt ratio untuk meningkatkan corporate value. Semua perusahaan akan menyesuaikan tingkat leverage ke level optimal dimana penyesuaian ini akan memiliki transaction costs. Faulkender, dan Flannery et al., (2012) menginvestigasi faktor yang mempengaruhi speed of adjustment dari leverage. 53% perusahaan di Indonesia termasuk perusahaan Underleveraged dimana memiliki tingkat leverage yang lebih rendah dibandingkan targetnya. perusahaan Underleveraged akan memiliki financial distress risk yang lebih rendah sehingga mereka akan menerbitkan utang baru untuk menyesuaikan tingkat leverage ke level optimal. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel statis dan panel dinamis untuk menentukan determinan dari leverage yang akan mempengaruhi speed of adjustment untuk perusahaan Overleveraged dan Underleveraged di perusahaan non-finansial di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa keputusan leverage lebih baik dijelaskan menggunakan pecking order theory dan perusahaan Underleveraged memiliki speed of adjustment lebih cepat dibandingkan perusahaan Overleveraged.

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Firms use external funding through debt and equity when firms cannot pay operating activities and investment with just internal funding. Under pecking order theory, firms’ capital structure decisions are based on lower asymmetric information cost that firms would use internal funding before seeking external funding. However, under trade-off theory, firms would use leverage as interest paid by corporate is a tax deductible so increasing debt ratio would raise corporate value. All firms would adjust leverage to its optimal level that leverage adjustment would have transaction costs. Faulkender, Flannery et al. (2012) investigated factors that affect leverage speed of adjustment that transaction cost would impact firms. Firms will adjust their leverage level based on firm characteristics before managers will be sure to raise or lower their leverage level so that they could have an optimal capital structure with lower cost. 53% firms in Indonesia are Underleveraged that they have lower leverage than its target. Underleveraged firms would have lower financial distress risk so they would issue new debt to adjust leverage to its optimal level. This study utilizes panel data techniques and system GMM to find determinant of leverage and interest rate that will impact speed of leverage adjustment of Overleveraged and Underleveraged non-financial firms listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange. Coefficient sign and significance of this study finds that capital structure decisions of Overleveraged and Underleveraged are both better explained by pecking order theory and Underleveraged firms will adjust leverage faster than Overleveraged firms"

"The object of this research is to predict to leverage of the firm by examining a few influencing factors such as profitability ratio, investment opportunity, and growth of the firm. The study was conducted by analyzing the financial statements of 62 companies listed in the Jakarta Stock Exchange during the period of 2002-2003 and the data from the Capital Market Directory of 2004. In this study the dependent variable is represented by leverage and the independent variables are profitability, investment opportunity, and growth. The SPSS program was used to analyze the influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable. To check the validity, the study the study used the classic assumption test method, the autocorrelation, the multicolinearity and the heteroscedasticity test. The result indicate that factors such as profitability, investment opportunity, and growth can predict the leverage of the firm. The negative correlation occurs between profitability and leverage, while the positive correlation occurs between investment opportunity, growth and leverage."

"ABSTRAKKeuangan Islam sudah bukan topik yang hanya dibahas oleh orang Islam, namun sudah diterima di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia, untuk mengikuti perkembangan keuangan islam, OJK meluncurkan tiga indeks saham berbeda yang didedikasikan untuk memantau saham-saham yang terdaftar di daftar efek syariah. Dalam rangka meluncurkan index syariah, OJK juga menerbitkan kriteria-kriteria yang harus dipenuhi oleh suatu perusahaan agar bisa terdaftar di daftar efek syariah. Salah satu dari kriteria tersebut adalah perusahaan tidak boleh memilki tingkat hutang lebih dari 45%, maka dari itu perusahaan yang sesuai syariah diperkirakan akan bereaksi berbeda dari perusahaan yang tidak sesuai syariah. Studi ini menggunakan data cross-sectional seluruh perusahaan yang tercatat di bursa efek Jakarta pada tahun 2017. Data diproses menggunakan metode Ordinary Least Square. Ada empat variabel yang digunakan sebagai penentu struktur modal, yaitu: profitability, firm size, tangibility, dan business risk. Hasilnya adalah variabel-variabel ini mempengaruhi perusahaan sesuai syariah dan perusahaan tidak sesuai syariah secara berbeda, dengan beberapa variabel signifikan secara statistik untuk perusahaan tidak sesuai syariah tetapi tidak signifikan untuk perusahaan yang sesuai syariah Sebagai contoh, profitability merupakan variabel yang signifikan untuk perushaan tidak sesuai syariah, namun tidak signifikan untuk perusahaan sesuai syariah.

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ABSTRACT

Islamic finance is a subject that is no longer reserved for Muslims around the world, the usage of Islamic finance is now widely accepted by most countries. In Indonesia, to meet with the demand, OJK launched three indices dedicated to sharia compliant stocks. In doing so, has come up with a list of criteria that a firm needs to meet to be classified as sharia compliant. One of which is that a sharia compliant firm must maintain a debt level of below 45%, because of this sharia compliant firms are expected to behave differently from sharia non-compliant firms that do not have this restriction placed upon them. This study uses a cross-sectional data of all firms in Indonesia that is listed in the year of 2017, and the data is processed using Ordinary Least Square regression method. We used four independent variables: profitability, firm size, tangibility, and business risk as our determinants. The result is there are variables that do affect sharia compliant and non-compliant firms differently, with some variables being significant for sharia non-compliant firms but not significant for compliant firms. For example, the variable profitability was found to be significant for sharia non-compliant firms, but not for sharia compliant firms.

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