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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini membahas perkara PMH yang terjadi di Indonesia berupa pelanggaran HAM yang dimintakan ganti kerugiannya dengan Alien Tort Statute di Pengadilan Federal Amerika Serikat. Dua perkara yang dianalisis adalah perkara Tom Beanal v. Freeport-McMoran Inc, and Freeport MrMoran Copper and Gold, Inc., Civil Action No.96-1474 section "K", United States District Court For the Eastern District Court of Lousiana dan Doe v. Exxon Mobile Corp., No. Civ.A 01-1357 (LFO), United States District Court of Columbia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan metode penentuan hukum yang berlaku yang digunakan oleh hakim tidak memuaskan.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis analyzes the Tort in the form of the violation of human rights occurred in Indonesia but litigated before the Federal Court of United States of America using Alien Tort Statute. The Cases discussed in this thesis are Tom Beanal v. Freeport-McMoran Inc, and Freeport MrMorran Copper and Gold, Inc., Civil Action No.96-1474 section "K", United States District Court For the Eastern District Court of Lousiana and Doe v. Exxon Mobile Corp., No. Civ.A 01-1357 (LFO), United States District Court, District Court of Columbia. The Result of this research shows that the method used by the Judge in determining applicable law is unsatisfying.

Abstrak :
Situations of actual or potential violence present a number of challenges to the application and implementation of human rights law in general and socio-economic rights obligations more specifically. This book sets out the legal framework, defining what constitutes a minimum universal standard of human rights protection applicable in all circumstances. It assesses the concept and content of ESC (Economic, Social, and Cultural) rights' obligations, and evaluates how far they can be legally applicable in various scenarios of armed violence. By looking at the specific human rights treaty provisions, it discusses how far ESC rights obligations can be affected by practical and legal challenges to their implementation. The book addresses the key issues facing the protection of such rights in times of armed conflict: the legal conditions to limit ESC rights on security grounds, including the use of force; the extraterritorial applicability of international human rights treaties setting out ESC rights; the relationship between human rights law and international humanitarian law; and the obligations of non-state actors under human rights law and with particular relevance to the protection of ESC rights. The book assesses the nature of these potential challenges to the protection of ESC rights, and offers solutions to reinforce their continued application.

Abstrak :
Internatianal humanitarian Imhr and human rights Imv haw a similar relationship and goal. In term of its coverage and target, however they are different each other. In one hand, international humanitarian law is an emergency law and implementation in external and internal arm conflict situation. On the other  hand, human rights law is applied both in peace and war situation.

Abstrak :
Human rights violations become on interesting topic in this 21st century along with emerging respects for civil rights for every violent action. Every person has freedom from persecution and violence either by militia or military force. This can be seen from the establishment of the international Criminal Court (ICC) to prosecute war crimes and crimes against humanity. These efforts are aimed to those who are violating human rights especially by the military force which they can be brought before the ICC for their actions.

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the code of law of criminal procedure instead of HIR the product of colonial government of nederlands indie contains the participle of fair legal process giving guarantee and protection of human rights, applying the principle in all stages of criminal justice process : preadjudication , adjudication, and postadjudication. In order to apply the fair legal process, it is therefore needed to provide a model of legal enforcer. Without goodwill of legal enforcer to implement the fair legal process, only the arbitrary malpractices of criminal justice and the power of legal enforcer will be in force.

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In the context past gross human rights violation cases in Indonesia, the President’s constitutional authority to propose amnesty law might by and large implicate legal and ethical aspects. Holistically, any forgiveness and oblivion against any human rights violators should consider the development and the dynamic of international criminal law, which arguably have been directed to an absolute individual criminal responsibility. Against this issue, this paper finds that based on legal and ethical arguments, accompanied with various technical preconditions outlined in the Belfast Guideline on Amnesty and Accountability, an amnesty towards past gross human rights violators must be taken paradigmatically. Arguably, amnesty proceeding through an independent ad hoc committee shall be able to challenge Indonesia’s transitional framework, namely: to work as a historian and a jurist. This suggests that the elements of amnesty, both procedural and substantial, need to work in the area of deliberative democracy that calls for public participation and the protection of human rights.

Dalam konteks kasus pelanggaran berat hak asasi manusia (HAM) di Indonesia, kewenangan Presiden dalam memberikan amnesti dapat berimplikasi pada dua aspek, yakni: legal dan etik. Secara holistik, pemaafan dan pelupaan terhadap para pelanggar HAM pada masa lalu patut mempertimbangkan perkembangan dan dinamika hukum pidana internasional, yang mengarah pada pertanggungjawaban pidana secara absolut. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa logika argumentatif secara legal dan etik, serta berbagai prasyarat teknis di dalam Belfast Guideline on Amnesty and Accountability mengindikasikan bahwa amnesti terhadap pelanggar HAM masa lalu harus dilakukan secara paradigmatik. Dalam hal ini, proses amnesti melalui komite ad hoc yang mandiri dapat menjawab dua tantangan dalam kerangka kerja transisional di Indonesia, yakni: untuk bekerja sebagai sejarawan dan juga praktisi hukum. Dengan demikian, kebijakan amnesti mengisyaratkan bahwa elemen-elemen amnesti secara prosedural dan substantif wajib dijalankan dalam area demokrasi deliberatif yang menghendaki adanya partisipasi publik dan perlindungan terhadap HAM.

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Even though the concept of human rights mainstreaming is not new to public international law, it has recently gained increased recognition as a practical approach for recognizing the linkages between human rights and other social justice issues such as environmental protection. A plenitude of literature have been generated on the need to recognize and enforce human rights standards and norms in a wide range of issues including environment, health, gender, poverty, food, water and refugee protection to mention but a few. Despite the rapid ascendancy of the human rights mainstreaming concept, much attention have not been given to the scope of human rights mainstreaming and the practical aspects of human rights mainstreaming, particularly whether institutions consisting of ?outsiders? to the human rights epistemic community can interpret and enforce human rights obligation. Put simply, do environmentalists, scientists and outsiders to human rights have the capacity to mainstream human rights? This paper examines the scope and tenets of human rights mainstreaming, it then discusses the practical aspects of mainstreaming human rights into policy making, particularly how epistemic concerns on human rights mainstreaming can be addressed in national and international policy design and implementation. There is virtually no aspect of our work that does not have a human rights dimension. Whether we are talking about peace and security, development, humanitarian action, the struggle against terrorism, climate change, none of these challenges can be addressed in isolation from human rights.

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Tourism activities in era globalization bring positive and negative impacts especially for the host countries destination. To minimize the negative impacts it is very important to always promote the sustainable development of tourism including from a human rights perspective. This paper will discuss concerning who have responsibility to promote a human rights related with sustainable development of tourism. To explore the topic in this article, Author will study both international human rights instruments and environmental convention as well as the soft law regarding the tourism sector such as the UN WTO Global Code Of Ethics. The Law No. 10 Year 2009 concerning Indonesia Tourism Law is also part of legal material studied in this paper. There are national, international legal instruments of the human rights as well as UNWTO Global Codes of Ethics which can be utilized to promote sustainable tourism through human rights perspective. It is considered that all stakeholders have responsibility to promote sustainable development of tourism