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"Riset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2013 menyebutkan angka insiden diare padabalita di Indonesia sebesar 6,7%. Aceh merupakan provinsi dengan insidendiare tertinggi, mencapai 10,2%. Profil Kesehatan Aceh menunjukkanbahwa secara umum terjadi peningkatan penyakit infeksi seperti influenza,tuberkulosis, dan diare dalam kurun waktu tujuh tahun (2006 - 2012).Penyakit tersebut dapat dicegah dengan pemberian ASI yang berperandalam peningkatan kekebalan tubuh. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahuihubungan riwayat pemberian ASI dengan penyakit infeksi pada balita.Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Badan Pusat StatistikProvinsi Aceh, yaitu data Survei Sosial dan Ekonomi Nasional tahun 2012dengan jumlah sampel 3.486 balita. Data penelitian dianalisis menggunakanuji regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan secara umum adahubungan yang signifikan antara riwayat pemberian ASI dengan penyakitinfeksi. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara lama pemberian ASI, ASIeksklusif, dan pemberian makanan pendamping ASI dengan penyakit infeksipada balita di Provinsi Aceh.Basic Health Research in 2013 mentions the incidence of diarrhea in toddlersin Indonesia amounted to 6.7%. Aceh Province has the highest incidenceof diarrhea reached 10.2%. Aceh?s Health Profile indicates that in generalthere is an increase in infectious diseases such as influenza, tuberculosis,and diarrhea within a period of seven years (2006 - 2012). The diseasecan be prevented by breastfeeding to increase immune system. Thisstudy used secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency of AcehProvince, The National Socio-Economic Survey 2012 using 3,486 toddlersas samples. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. Results showedin general no significant relationship between a history of breastfeedingwith infectious diseases. There is a significant relationship between durationof breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and complementary feeding withinfectious disease in toddlers in the Aceh province."

"Malnutrisi akut berat merupakan malnutrisi yang paling serius yang memengaruhi balita dan merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di negara-negara berkembang. Malnutrisi telah meluas baik di perkotaan maupun perdesaan. Akar permasalahan malnutrisi di negara berkembang salah-satunya adalah faktor sosial demografi. Tujuan penelitian untuk melihat perbedaan kejadian malnutrisi dan determinannya di area perkotaan dan pedesaan di Yogyakarta. Penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan responden adalah semua balita malnutrisi akut berat di Kabupaten Sleman (23 balita) dan Kota Yogyakarta (33 balita). Analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan inferensial. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Bulan Desember 2012 - Februari 2013. Prevalensi balita malnutrisi akut lebih banyak di perkotaan daripada di pedesaan (59% vs. 41%). Persentase faktor risiko kejadian malnutrisi pada kelompok urban dan rural adalah jumlah balita dalam keluarga satu orang (60,7%), jenis kelamin laki-laki (58,9%), riwayat pemberian ASI tidak eksklusif (60,7%), usia ibu kurang dari 35 tahun (62,5%), pekerjaan non-PNS (98,2%), penghasilan orang tua lebih dari UMR (58,9%), tingkat pendidikan ayah dan ibu tinggi (71,4% dan 64,3% ) dan pengasuh balita di rumah adalah ibu (82,1%). Perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05) pada variabel pekerjaan dan penghasilan orang tua, tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan pengasuh balita, sedangkan hasil pengukuran antropometri tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan. Determinan kejadian malnutrisi pada kelompok urban dan rural adalah jumlah balita dalam keluarga.

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Severe acute malnutrition is the most serious form of malnutrition affecting children under-five and widely recognized as a major health problem in developing countries. It is wide spread in rural and urban areas. Social demographic factor is one of the main causes of severe acute malnutrition. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of severe acute malnutrition and determinants of children in urban and rural area in Yogyakarta. A cross-sectional study was used in this study, where the respondents were all children with severe acute malnutrition in Sleman and Yogyakarta (23 and 33 children respectively). Descriptive and inferencial statistic were used to analyze the data. The study was carried out in December 2012-February 2013. The prevalence of severe acute malnutrition children was higher in urban than rural communities (59% vs. 41%). Risk factors percentage of malnourished were number of children in family was one person (60.7%), male gender (58.9%), the history of not exclusive breastfeeding (60.7%), mother age less than 35 years old (62.5%), lower class job (98.2%), monthly income was high (58.9%), higher education of father and mother (71.4% and 64.3% respectively), and children caregiver was mother (82.1%). There were a significant diference (p<0.05) in father profession, parents? education, household economic status, and caregiver of children, whereas anthropometric measurement did not show any difference between two groups. Determinants of malnutrition in urban and rural groups is the number of children in the family."

"Upaya pengobatan sendiri merupakan perilaku individu dalam mengenalijenis penyakit yang diderita dan memilih sendiri jenis pengobatan. Kriteriayang menentukan pemilihan sumber pengobatan adalah persepsi sakit/pengetahuan akan penyakit, keyakinan akan sumber pengobatan, danefisiensi waktu yang dipengaruhi oleh keterjangkauan biaya dan jarak.Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan upaya pengobatan sendiri padabalita di Aceh dalam era cakupan semesta jaminan kesehatan dan menge-tahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Penelitian ini merupakan analisisdata sekunder hasil KOR-MODUL Susenas 2011 dengan pendekatanpotong lintang sebanyak 43.866 responden atau 455.750 rumah tangga di23 Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Aceh. Terdapat 5.147 responden balita yangmewakili populasi balita Aceh, sebanyak 2.052 balita (39,87%) dilaporkanmenderita sakit selama sebulan sebelum survei, 62,52% ternyata dirawatdengan upaya pengobatan sendiri. Meskipun telah berlaku cakupansemesta jaminan kesehatan di Aceh, masih banyak balita yang diobatisendiri oleh keluarganya. Hasil analisis uji kai kuadrat dan regresi logistikmenunjukkan bahwa faktor domisili, usia balita, dan diare memengaruhiupaya pengobatan sendiri pada balita.Self medication is the choice of medications by individuals to cure self-recognized symptoms or indications. Self medication are determined by theperception/knowledge of the illness, beliefs, and efficiency as it is affectedby affordability and distance to health care facility. This study aimed todescribe the use of self-medication among toddler in Aceh during the era ofuniversal health coverage, and to determine the factors that control its. Thiswas a secondary data analysis of the results of KOR-MODUL Susenas 2011with a cross-sectional approach as many as 43,866 respondents or 455,750households in 23 districts/cities in Aceh province. There are 514 respon-dents representing toddler population of Aceh, and 2,052 toddler or 39.87%are sick during the last month prior to the survey and 62.52% were self-medication. Nevertheless, some families still practice self-medication in theera of universal health coverage; in short, chi-square and logistic regressionimply that living area, age of toddler, and diarrhea are determining the useof self-medication."

"Pneumonia merupakan penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan akut yang menjadi kausa utama kematian balita. Di Indonesia, pada akhir tahun 2000, angkakematian balita akibat pneumonia diperkirakan 4,9/1000 balita. Faktor sosio-ekonomi berkontribusi besar terhadap penyakit saluran pernapasan. Tujuan pe-nelitian ini adalah mengetahui faktor sosio-ekonomi yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pneumonia pada balita. Penelitian dengan dengan disain krossek-sional ini menggunakan sumber data sekunder Benefit Evaluation Study (BES) II oleh Pusat Penelitian Kesehatan Universitas Indonesia bekerja sama denganProyek Intensifikasi Pemberantasan Penyakit Menular, Departemen Kesehatan. Sampel diambil berdasarkan multilevel statistical framework dari 7.170 ba-lita pada 10.900 rumah tangga di 27 kabupaten di tujuh provinsi. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah multilevel logistic regression. Penelitian ini mem-perlihatkan bahwa sosio-ekonomi rumah tangga berperan secara bermakna terhadap kejadian pneumonia balita. Rumah tangga miskin berisiko lebih besaruntuk terkena pneumonia. Pada keluarga miskin, risiko pneumonia yang lebih besar disebabkan oleh faktor kontekstual lingkungan yang buruk berupa pen-cemaran di dalam rumah yang dikontrol faktor komposisi status gizi (95% CI OR 4.05- 4.78). Kebijakan intervensi program P2ISPA disarankan lebih mengu-tamakan intervensi pada faktor kontekstual lingkungan buruk pencemaran dalam rumah tangga miskin.Pneumonia is an acute respiratory tract infection disease that becomes a major cause of death among under five years old children. In Indonesia, in 2000,pneumonia specific cause of death rate among under five children is predicted to be 4.9/ 1000. The socio-economic factor has significant contribution to res-piratory tract infection. The objective of this study is to know the socioeconomic factor that affect pneumonia among under five children. The study uses crosssectional study design using secondary data of Benefit Evaluation Study (BES) II conducted by Centre for Health Research, University of Indonesia in col-laboration with Intensification of Infectious Diseases Eradication Project, MOH-RI. The study sample is selected based on multilevel statistical framework from7170 under five children in 10900 households within 27 districts in seven provinces. Analysis method used in this study is multilevel logistic regression. Thisstudy shows that the low level of socioeconomic status affect significantly the pneumonia occurrence among under five children. The risk of pneumonia amonglower socioeconomic household is higher than that of the high socioeconomic household. It was found that the association was found for poor environmen-tal factor including in-house hygienic condition after controlled by nutritional status. The pneumonia occurrence among under five children is more influencedby environmental factors than individual factors (compositional effect). It is suggested to prioritize intervention on environmental factors to eradicate respira-tory tract infection."

"Stunting merupakan masalah gizi, terbukti data pemantauan status giziKabupaten Banyumas 2012 prevalensi stunting sebesar 28,37% danprevalensi tertinggi (41,6%) di Puskesmas Kedungbanteng. Tujuan penelitianuntuk menganalisis faktor risiko terkait faktor anak, ibu, lingkungan terhadapstunting bawah tiga tahun (batita) agar dapat dikembangkan modelpengendaliannya. Penelitian menggunakan desain kasus kontrol, populasiadalah seluruh anak usia 6 sampai 36 bulan di Puskesmas KedungbantengKabupaten Banyumas selama enam bulan tahun 2013. Sampel kasusadalah 50 batita stunting, sampel kontrol adalah 50 batita status normal.Teknik pengambilan sampel kasus diambil dari tujuh desa yang terbanyakstuntingnya, sedangkan kontrol adalah batita normal tetangga terdekat kasusdengan usia yang disamakan. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancaradan pengukuran. Analisis data univariat, bivariat (uji kai kuadrat), dan multivariat(uji regresi logistik ganda). Hasil penelitian menemukan karakteristikbatita stunting terkena penyakit infeksi (82%), riwayat panjang badanlahir < 48 centimeter (66%), riwayat pemberian ASI dan makanan pendampingASI kurang baik (66%), riwayat berat badan lahir rendah (8%).Pada penelitian ini, faktor risiko stunting adalah penyakit infeksi, pelayanankesehatan, immunisasi, pengetahuan ibu, pendapatan keluarga, ketersediaanpangan keluarga, dan sanitasi lingkungan. Faktor yang paling dominanadalah penyakit infeksi. Model pengendalian stunting melalui peningkatanpemberdayaan keluarga terkait pencegahan penyakit infeksi, memanfaatkanpekarangan sebagai sumber gizi keluarga dan perbaikan sanitasilingkungan.Stunting is a nutritional problem, proved by the evidence of nutritional statusmonitoring at Banyumas District in 2012, the prevalence of stunting was28.37% and the highest prevalence 41.6% at Kedungbanteng PrimaryHealth Care. This study aimed to analyze risk factors related to child, maternal,and environmental factors toward stunting among children underthree year old in 2013 in order to develop the control model. This study usedcase control design, the population was all children aged of six to 36 monthsat Kedungbanteng Primary Health Care, Banyumas District. Sample was 50stunting children, while the control sample was 50 normal children.Sampling technique was taken from seven villages with the highest stuntingnumber, meanwhile the control was normal children living closest to thecase with similar age. Data was collected through interview and measurement.Data analysis was conducted in univariate, bivariate (chi-square test),and multivariate analyze (multiple logistic regression test). The results foundthat characteristics of stunting children under three years old were often sufferinginfectious diseases (66%), having body length record < 48 centimeter(66%), bad records of breastfeeding and comlementary feeding (66%),and record of low birth weight (8%).Stunting risk factors in this study wereinfectious disease, health services, immunization, maternal knowledge, familyincome, family food availability, and environmental sanitation. The mostdominating factor was infectious disease. The stunting control modelthrough enhancement of family empowerment related to infectious diseaseprevention, utilization yard as a family nutrition source and environmentalsanitation repair."

"Stunting merupakan masalah gizi, terbukti data pemantauan status giziKabupaten Banyumas 2012 prevalensi stunting sebesar 28,37% danprevalensi tertinggi (41,6%) di Puskesmas Kedungbanteng. Tujuan penelitianuntuk menganalisis faktor risiko terkait faktor anak, ibu, lingkungan terhadapstunting bawah tiga tahun (batita) agar dapat dikembangkan modelpengendaliannya. Penelitian menggunakan desain kasus kontrol, populasiadalah seluruh anak usia 6 sampai 36 bulan di Puskesmas KedungbantengKabupaten Banyumas selama enam bulan tahun 2013. Sampel kasusadalah 50 batita stunting, sampel kontrol adalah 50 batita status normal.Teknik pengambilan sampel kasus diambil dari tujuh desa yang terbanyakstuntingnya, sedangkan kontrol adalah batita normal tetangga terdekat kasusdengan usia yang disamakan. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancaradan pengukuran. Analisis data univariat, bivariat (uji kai kuadrat), dan multivariat(uji regresi logistik ganda). Hasil penelitian menemukan karakteristikbatita stunting terkena penyakit infeksi (82%), riwayat panjang badanlahir < 48 centimeter (66%), riwayat pemberian ASI dan makanan pendampingASI kurang baik (66%), riwayat berat badan lahir rendah (8%).Pada penelitian ini, faktor risiko stunting adalah penyakit infeksi, pelayanankesehatan, immunisasi, pengetahuan ibu, pendapatan keluarga, ketersediaanpangan keluarga, dan sanitasi lingkungan. Faktor yang paling dominanadalah penyakit infeksi. Model pengendalian stunting melalui peningkatanpemberdayaan keluarga terkait pencegahan penyakit infeksi, memanfaatkanpekarangan sebagai sumber gizi keluarga dan perbaikan sanitasilingkungan.Stunting is a nutritional problem, proved by the evidence of nutritional statusmonitoring at Banyumas District in 2012, the prevalence of stunting was28.37% and the highest prevalence 41.6% at Kedungbanteng PrimaryHealth Care. This study aimed to analyze risk factors related to child, maternal,and environmental factors toward stunting among children underthree year old in 2013 in order to develop the control model. This study usedcase control design, the population was all children aged of six to 36 monthsat Kedungbanteng Primary Health Care, Banyumas District. Sample was 50stunting children, while the control sample was 50 normal children.Sampling technique was taken from seven villages with the highest stuntingnumber, meanwhile the control was normal children living closest to thecase with similar age. Data was collected through interview and measurement.Data analysis was conducted in univariate, bivariate (chi-square test),and multivariate analyze (multiple logistic regression test). The results foundthat characteristics of stunting children under three years old were often sufferinginfectious diseases (66%), having body length record < 48 centimeter(66%), bad records of breastfeeding and comlementary feeding (66%),and record of low birth weight (8%).Stunting risk factors in this study wereinfectious disease, health services, immunization, maternal knowledge, familyincome, family food availability, and environmental sanitation. The mostdominating factor was infectious disease. The stunting control modelthrough enhancement of family empowerment related to infectious diseaseprevention, utilization yard as a family nutrition source and environmentalsanitation repair."

"Malnutrisi pada balita masih merupakan permasalahan di Indonesia termasukdi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Berdasarkan indikator berat badanmenurut tinggi badan, 2,6% balita mengalami malnutrisi akut berat. Padabeberapa dekade terakhir, telah terjadi pergeseran paradigma dalampenanganan balita malnutrisi, yang sebelumnya berbasis pendekatan fasilitaskesehatan bergeser menjadi pendekatan berbasis komunitas. Tujuanpenelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh program home care terhadappeningkatan status gizi balita malnutrisi pada anak usia 6-60 bulan.Penelitian menggunakan desain kuasi eksperimen dengan pretest danposttest control group melalui tiga tahap pendampingan yaitu intensif,mandiri, dan penguatan dengan pendekatan asuhan keperawatan. Sampeladalah 56 balita malnutrisi akut di dua wilayah, yaitu 33 balita di KotaYogyakarta (eksperimen) dan 23 balita di Kabupaten Sleman (kontrol) denganteknik pengambilan sampel yaitu purposive sampling. Intervensi homecare diberikan selama tiga 3 bulan (Januari sampai Maret 2013). Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan setelah program home care, terjadi peningkatanyang signifikan pada status gizi balita (p < 0,05). Pada akhir intervensi, terjadipenurunan kejadian malnutrisi akut berat dari 100% menjadi 56,7% (p< 0,05).Children undernutrition is still an issue in Indonesia, including in the SpecialRegion of Yogyakarta. Based on weight for height indicator, 2.6% childrenexperience severe acute malnutrition. In the last few decades, there hasbeen a paradigm shift in the management of acute malnutrition from a facility-based to community-centered approach. The purpose of this studywas to analyze the effect of home care intervention on the improvement ofnutritional status of severe acute malnutrition children aged 6-60 months.This study was designed with quasi-experimental and pretest-posttest controlgroup design, conducted in three phases; intensive, strengthening andindependent with nursing approach (January until March 2013). Sampleswere 56 children with severe and moderate acute malnutrition for both studysites, 33 children in Yogyakarta city (experiment) and 23 children in Slemandistrict (control), selected using purposive sampling. Home care interventionis given for three months (January until March 2014). Results findings showthere were significant increase in nutritional status (p < 0.05) after homecare intervention. At end line evaluation, the proportion of severe acutemalnutrition in the experimental groups reduced significantly from 100% to56,7% (p < 0.05)."