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Abstrak :
Infrastruktur jaringan Internet of Things (IoT) saat ini mengalami perkembangan dan pertumbuhan yang sangat signifikan, seiring dengan semakin banyaknya perangkat pintar yang digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Salah satu kendala dalam infrastruktur jaringan IoT adalah banyaknya halangan pada area tertentu di jaringan IoT. Halangan tersebut dapat berupa adanya tembok atau dinding ataupun ketiadaan router dalam area tertentu. Berbagai pengembangan algoritma routing dalam menghadapi permasalahan tersebut telah banyak dilakukan, akan tetapi belum ada algoritma routing yang dapat menembus halangan dalam jaringan IoT. Penelitian ini mengembangkan metode Physarum Routing Algorithm with Adaptive Power Control (PRA-APC) untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan halangan dalam jaringan IoT. Rancangan model PRA-APC akan mengidentifikasi semua informasi dalam jaringan kemudian memberikan power pada node terakhir sebelum halangan. Algoritma routing PRA-APC akan dibandingkan dengan algoritma routing lainnya yaitu Physarum inspired Routing Protocol (P-iRP) dan Robust Selection Physarum-inspired Routing Protocol (RS-PRP). Protokol routing PRAAPC mampu menghasilkan jalur routing terpendek (shortest path) 70% lebih baik dibandingkan dengan RS-PRP dan P-iRP. Delay yang dihasilkan lebih kecil, masa hidup jaringan (network lifetime) lebih lama dan nilai throughput yang dihasilkan jauh lebih baik dibandingkan dengan protokol algoritma routing lainnya. Peningkatan kinerja routing PRA-APC menghasilkan efisiensi dan keseimbangan sumber daya dalam jaringan sehingga dapat memperpanjang masa hidup jaringan IoT yang memiliki keterbatasan sumber daya dalam infrastruktur jaringan lokal IoT. Peningkatan kinerja routing PRAAPC dapat memberikan solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan halangan yang terdapat pada jaringan IoT. ......The Internet of Things (IoT) network infrastructure is currently growing at a significant rate, as is the number of smart devices being used in everyday life. The existence of obstacles in the IoT network area is the biggest challenge in the IoT network infrastructure. This obstacle in the IoT network can be a wall or the absence of a router in a specific area. Routing development to face problems with obstacles has often been done; however, there is no routing algorithm that can overcome that obstacle. This research proposed a Physarum Routing Algorithm with Adaptive Power Control (PRAAPC) to solve the problem of IoT obstacles in the network. The PRA-APC method identifies the information for each node and the position of the obstacle in the network, providing sufficient power to the last node before the obstacle so it can pass through the obstacle to the final destination node. The PRA-APC routing method will be compared with other routing algorithms, such as the Physarum-inspired Routing Protocol (P-iRP) and Robust Selection Physarum-inspired Routing Protocol (RS-PRP). The PRA-APC routing protocol can develop the shortest routing path, 70% better than P-iRP and RSPRP. The result of the delay is greater efficiency: network lifetime is longer and throughput is much better than other routing algorithm protocols. The PRA-APC routing performance improvement results in efficiency and balance of resources in the network so that it can extend the life span of IoT networks that have limited resources in the local IoT network infrastructure. The new development of the PRA-APC routing protocol can provide solutions to overcome the problem of obstacles in the IoT network

Abstrak :
This book covers various aspects of security, privacy and reliability in Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical System design, analysis and testing. In particular, various established theories and practices both from academia and industry are presented and suitably organized targeting students, engineers and researchers. Fifteen leading academicians and practitioners wrote this book, pointing to the open problems and biggest challenges on which research in the near future will be focused.

Abstrak :
This provides a comprehensive overview of the key principles of security concerns surrounding the upcoming Internet of Things (IoT), and introduces readers to the protocols adopted in the IoT. It also analyses the vulnerabilities, attacks and defense mechanisms, highlighting the security issues in the context of big data. Lastly, trust management approaches and ubiquitous learning applications are examined in detail. As such, the book sets the stage for developing and securing IoT applications both today and in the future.

Abstrak :
Integrasi lightweight blockchain dengan Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) telah menyelesaikan beberapa masalah seperti authentikasi, authorisasi, keamanan dan integritas data. Namun, belum ada studi yang berfokus memperhatikan network lifetime pada blockchain yang diterapkan pada WSN. Penelitian ini berupaya memodifikasi algoritma Proof-of-Authority (PoA) agar lebih adil dalam pembagian penggunaan energi yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan network lifetime sekaligus produksi blok. Jenis jaringan yang digunakan adalah WSN terklaster karena memiliki penggunaan energi yang lebih baik. WSN terklaster terdiri dari Base Station, Cluster Head dan Sensor Node yang memiliki tugasnya masing-masing. Dalam hal network lifetime, studi ini mengembangkan Proof-of-Authority menjadi Energy-aware Proof-of-Authority (EA-PoA) yang memodifikasi pertukaran pesan dan pemilihan Leader. EA-PoA memodifikasi pemilihan pengusul blok (Leader) yang awalnya menggunakan round-robin menjadi pemilihan berdasarkan pembobotan battery level pada setiap perangkat. Dengan demikian, node yang memiliki baterai lebih sedikit tidak akan terbebani oleh proses mining. Sedangkan dalam hal produksi blok, penelitian ini telah mengembangkan model jaringan blockchain hirarki yang terdiri dari local dan master blockchain yang disebut Multi-level blockchain model (MLBM). Local blockchain adalah jaringan blockchain untuk setiap klaster dengan anggota Node Sensor. Blok yang diusulkan dan disimpan dalam jaringan local blockchain merupakan data sensor. Sedangkan master blockchain beranggotakan Cluster Head dari setiap klaster, blok yang diusulkan dan disimpan adalah kumpulan header dari beberapa blok dalam local blockchain. Hal ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan integritas data sekaligus mengingkatkan produksi blok dalam jaringan. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme pemilihan Leader dari EA-PoA dapat meningkatkan network lifetime hingga 10% dibandingkan PoA tradisional. Selanjutnya, Multi-level blockchain model dapat meningkatkan produksi blok setiap penambahan klaster dalam jaringan. ......The integration of lightweight blockchain with Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has addressed several issues such as authentication, authorization, security, and data integrity. However, no study has specifically focused on the network lifetime of blockchain implemented in WSN. This research aims to modify the Proof-of-Authority (PoA) algorithm to more equitably distribute energy usage to enhance both network lifetime and block production. The type of network employed is clustered WSN, known for its better energy usage. Clustered WSN consists of a Base Station, Cluster Head, and Sensor Nodes, each with distinct responsibilities. In terms of network lifetime, this study develops Proof-of-Authority into Energy-aware Proof-of-Authority (EA-PoA), which modifies message exchange and Leader selection. EA-PoA alters the block proposer (Leader) selection from a round-robin method to a battery-level weighting method for each device. Thus, nodes with lower battery levels are not burdened by the mining process. Regarding block production, this research has developed a hierarchical blockchain network model called the Multi-level Blockchain Model (MLBM), which consists of local and master blockchains. The local blockchain serves as the blockchain network for each cluster with Sensor Node members, where proposed and stored blocks contain sensor data. The master blockchain consists of Cluster Heads from each cluster, where proposed and stored blocks are collections of headers from several blocks in the local blockchain. This approach is designed to enhance data integrity and increase block production within the network. Simulation results indicate that the Leader selection mechanism of EA-PoA can extend network lifetime by up to 10% compared to traditional PoA. Furthermore, the Multi-level Blockchain Model can increase block production with each additional cluster in the network.