Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
This second edition of Philippe Sand's leading textbook on international environmental law provides a clear and authoritative introduction to the subject, revised to December 2002. It considers relevant new topics, including the Kyoto Protocol, genetically modified organisms, oil pollution, chemicals etc. and will remain the most comprehensive account of the principles and rules relating to environmental protection and the conservation of natural resources. In addition to the key material from the 1992 Rio Declaration and subsequent developments, Sands also covers topics including the legal and institutional framework, the field's historic development and standards for general application. This will continue to be an invaluable resource for both students and practitioners alike.

Abstrak :
Skripsi ini membahas pokok permasalahan sebagai berikut: (1) Bagaimanakah pengakuan hak atas lingkungan hidup sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia dalam hukum internasional?; (2) Bagaimanakah tanggung jawab yang dibebankan terhadap perusahaan transnasional terkait permasalahan lingkungan hidup dalam hukum internasional?; dan (3) Bagaimana pertanggungjawaban perusahaan transnasional terhadap pelanggaran hak atas lingkungan hidup telah diterapkan terutama dalam perkara-perkara gugatan masyarakat terhadap perusahaan transnasional? Secara garis besar, analisis didasarkan pada studi literatur mengenai perkembangan doktrin dan pengaturan hak atas lingkungan hidup, dengan meninjau perjanjian internasional baik yang bersifat global maupun regional, instrumen soft law, dan hukum kebiasaan internasional; serta tinjauan pertanggungjawaban yang dibebankan oleh instrumen-instrumen hukum internasional terhadap perusahaan transnasional dalam hal pemenuhan hak atas lingkungan hidup. Selanjutnya dianalisis mengenai keberlakuan hak atas lingkungan hidup sebagai hukum internasional terhadap perusahaan transnasional, serta pertanggungjawaban yang dapat dibebankan terhadapnya. Dalam analisis, dibahas mengenai tiga kasus pelanggaran hak atas lingkungan hidup oleh perusahaan transnasional, yaitu Aguinda v. Texaco, Lubbe v. Cape PLC, dan Beanal v. Freeport McMoran. Dalam analisis, dapat terlihat bahwa dalam perkara-perkara tersebut: (1) Hukum internasional tidak diterapkan secara langsung; (2) Terhentinya perkara dalam proses yurisdiksi; (3) Adanya irisan ranah hukum publik dan privat dalam substansi dan formil perkara; (4) Pelanggaran hak atas lingkungan hidup diterjemahkan dalam pelanggaran hak-hak asasi secara umum; dan (5) Adanya irisan antara akuntabilitas dan liabilitas perusahaan transnasional. Selain itu, terdapat kecenderungan bahwa pengaturan tanggung jawab lingkungan hidup terhadap perusahaan transnasional ini akan menjadi hukum internasional di masa depan. Secara ringkas, simpulan yang didapat menjawab secara positif adanya pengakuan hak atas lingkungan hidup sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia dalam hukum internasional, namun pengaturan pertanggungjawabannya terhadap perusahaan transnasional masih mendasarkan pada instrumen yang bersifat sukarela tanpa menyinggung liabilitas, sehingga masyarakat yang dirugikan masih kesulitan untuk mendapatkan ganti kerugian atas hak-hak asasinya yang dilanggar karena perusakan lingkungan oleh perusahaan transnasional. ......This undergraduate thesis tries to answer following questions: (1) How does right to environment recognized as a part of human rights in international law?; (2) How does liability imposed upon transnational corporation related to environmental harms in international law; (3) How does transnational corporations' liability has been enforced in claims by injured civilians towards transnational corporations? Generally, the analysis is based on literature study concerning development of doctrine and regulation on right to environment, considering global and regional treaties and soft law instruments, also customary international law; and examination of liability imposed by international legal instruments on transnational corporations in regards of fulfillment of right to environment. Further, Writer analyses enforceability of right to environment as international law towards transnational corporations, and liability imposed upon them. In analysis, three cases on environmental violations by transnational corporations have been examined, which are Aguinda v. Texaco, Lubbe v. Cape PLC, and Beanal v. Freeport McMoran. It is concluded that in such cases: (1) International law is not imposed directly; (2) Dismissal on jurisdictional process; (3) The intersection of public and private legal area in the substance and process of the cases; (4) Violation of right to environment is translated into violations of general human rights; (5) The intersection of transnational corporations' accountability and liability. Further, there is a tendency that regulation of environmental liability to transnational corporations will be international law in the future. In brief, the conclusion answers in positive the recognition of right to environment as a part of human rights in international law, yet still bases transnational corporation accountability on the voluntary instruments silent on liability provisions, causing the injured community troubled in demanding compensation for their violated right to environment related to environmental harms by transnational corporations.

Abstrak :
Reflecting a global trend, scores of countries have affirmed that their citizens are entitled to healthy air, water and land, and that their constitution should guarantee certain environmental rights. This book examines the increasing recognition that the environment is a proper subject for protection in constitutional texts and for vindication by constitutional courts. This phenomenon, which the authors call environmental constitutionalism, represents the confluence of constitutional law, international law, human rights and environmental law. National apex and constitutional courts are exhibiting a growing interest in environmental rights, and as courts become more aware of what their peers are doing, this momentum is likely to increase. This book explains why such provisions came into being, how they are expressed, and the extent to which they have been, and might be, enforced judicially. It is a singular resource for evaluating the content of and hope for constitutional environmental rights.

Abstrak :
Contents : Introduction -- Preparatory considerations -- Standard setting -- Compliance control -- Law development -- Synthesis of the analysis.