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Abstrak :
Pada era global saat ini, kebutuhan akan pembuatan perjanjian internasional dalam rangka membangun kerjasama antar negara semakin tinggi. Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang juga kemudian banyak terlibat dalam perjanjian internasional. Untuk dapat mengadopsi dan menerapkan perjanjian internsional tersebut, Indonesia butuh untuk meratifikasinya melalui peraturan hukum nasional. Mekanisme ratifikasi perjanjian internasional pada saat ini telah diatur dalam UU Nomor 24 Tahun 2000 mengenai Perjanjian Internasional, dimana di dalamnya diatur bahwa ratifikasi dapat dilakukan melalui jenis peraturan Undang- Undang atau Peraturan Presiden. Permasalahan yang kemudian kerap kali muncul adalah kebingungan untuk kemudian menentukan jenis peraturan yang akan digunakan untuk meratifikasi, apakah semata-mata hanya melihat materi yang diatur saja atau membutuhkan parameter lain. Permasalahan ditambah dengan pengaturan mengenai materi muatan yang berbeda di beberapa Undang-Undang. Kebingungan ini kemudian dapat diminimalisasi dengan pemahaman atas materi muatan undang-undang yang komprehensif dan pengaturan atas materi muatan yang seragam.

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In nowadays global era, the need for an international agreement-making in order to establish cooperation between countries is increasing. Indonesia as a developing country also involved in much of international agreement. To be able to adopt and implement the international agreement, Indonesia needs to ratify it through national legislation. The mechanism for ratification of an international agreement is currently governed by Law No. 24 of 2000 regarding International Agreement, where it is stipulated that ratification can be done through a type of law rules or regulations of the President. The problem that then arises is a confusion to then determine the type of rules that would be used to ratify, whether merely saw the substance regulated or require any other parameters. Problems coupled when regulation on specific substance of Act is different in some regulation. This confusion can then be minimized by understanding the specific substance of the legislation comprehensively and setting up a uniform regulation about that.

Abstrak :
CITES 1973 merupakan konvensi lingkungan internasional yang bertujuan untuk melindungi tumbuhan dan satwa dari perdagangan internasional yang berlebihan. Konvensi ini menggerakkan upaya global untuk melakukan konservasi terhadap keanekaragaman hayati. Salah satu satwa yang terancam bahaya kepunahan adalah harimau Sumatera. CITES 1973 memasukkannya ke dalam kategori Appendiks 1 yang berarti tidak boleh ada perdagangan komersial terhadap satwa tersebut. Indonesia, sebagai negara habitat harimau Sumatera, telah meratifikasi CITES 1973 dan mengesahkan peraturan-peraturan hukum untuk melindungi tumbuhan dan satwa, termasuk harimau Sumatera. Selain itu, Indonesia juga terlibat kerja sama regional dan global dengan negara-negara habitat harimau lainnya. Namun, populasi harimau Sumatera terus menurun, tidak hanya karena perdagangan, tetapi juga karena kerusakan habitat, perburuan liar, dan konflik dengan manusia. CITES 1973 belum diimplementasikan dengan baik di Indonesia terlihat dari lemahnya penegakan hukum yang menyebabkan populasi harimau Sumatera terus terancam. Penanganan kasus-kasus kriminal terkait harimau Sumatera tidak dilakukan secara tuntas dan sanksi-sanksi yang diberikan tidak memberi efek jera. Perdagangan liar bersifat terbuka dan terorganisir, baik di dalam maupun di luar negeri. Hutan di Pulau Sumatera mengalami degradasi karena banyaknya konversi fungsi hutan untuk kebutuhan komersial. Masyarakat belum dilibatkan dalam perlindungan harimau dan habitatnya; sementara peran NGOs sering terhambat oleh respon yang lambat dari pemerintah. Komitmen Indonesia terhadap CITES 1973 harus diperkuat agar harimau Sumatera tidak lagi terancam kepunahan dan ekosistem di sekitarnya juga turut dilestarikan. ...... CITES 1973 is an international environmental convention aiming to protect flora and fauna from excessive international trade. This convention drives a global effort to conserve biodiversity. One of the animals that are in danger of extinction is Sumatran tigers. CITES 1973 has categorized the species in the Appendix 1, which means there should be no commercial trade against the species. Indonesia, as the habitat for Sumatran tigers, has ratified CITES 1973 and passed the legal regulations to protect plants and animals, including Sumatran tigers. In addition, Indonesia is involved in regional and global cooperation with the other tiger range countries. Nevertheless, the population of Sumatran tiger continues to decline, not only because of trade, but also due to habitat destruction, illegal poaching, and conflict with humans. CITES 1973 has not been implemented properly in Indonesia as seen from the lack of law enforcement causing the population of Sumatran tigers continues to be threatened. Criminal cases towards Sumatran tigers have not been solved completely and sanctions given have less deterrent effect. Illegal trade has become increasingly open and organized, both domestically and globally. Forests in Sumatra have degraded because of the conversion of forest lands to fulfill commercial needs. Local communities have not been involved in the protection of tigers and their habitat; while the role of NGOs is often hampered by the slow response from the government. Indonesia's commitment to CITES in 1973 should be strengthened so that Sumatran tigers are no longer in danger of extinction and the ecosystem around them is also conserved.

Abstrak :
Perbedaan hukum nasional masing – masing negara anggota terhadap penerapan aturan perjanjian internasional pada negaranya umumnya menghasilkan perbedaan jangka waktu terhadap implementasi perjanjian internasional. Hal ini kemudian menimbulkan kesulitan bagi para negara anggota untuk menyeragamkan aturan tersebut demi tercapainya maksud dan tujuan dalam perjanjian, khususnya aturan teknis yang memerlukan tanggapan cepat para negara anggota untuk segera mengimplementasikannya. Maka dari itu, beberapa perjanjian internasional serta organisasi internasional layaknya International Maritime Organization memperkenalkan sistem tacit acceptance atau penerimaan secara diam – diam sebagai salah mekanisme pilihan bagi negara untuk tunduk. Penggunaan mekanisme tacit acceptance kemudian menjadi salah satu opsi bagi para pihak dalam mempergunakan aturan perjanjian internasional pada saat yang mendesak dan instrumen penundukkan secara eksplisit tidak mungkin dilakukan. Metode penelitian yang dipergunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan tujuan untuk melihat bagaimana implementasi tacit acceptance melalui beragam jenis tacit pada perjanjian internasional, serta bagaimana negara dan perjanjian internasional mendefinisikan dan mempergunakan tacit acceptance. Berdasarkan penelitian hukum normatif yang dilakukan, ditemukan kesimpulan bahwa mekanisme tacit pada umumnya dapat diberlakukan hanya kepada negara anggota ataupun para pihak yang dianggap layak oleh perjanjian internasional ataupun putusan pengadilan. Walaupun demikian, dapat ditemukan praktik oleh negara ketiga yang mempergunakan mekanisme tacit acceptance terhadap perjanjian internasional, misalnya Republik Kazakhstan terhadap Liability Convention 1972 melalui perjanjian bilateral 1994 Lease Agreement dengan Federasi Rusia mengenai Baikonur Cosmodrome. Adapun hal yang ditemukan adalah negara ketiga dapat memberlakukan mekanisme tacit berdasarkan pernyataan dalam bentuk tertulis, misalnya pada perjanjian yang terpisah. Terlihat bahwa mekanisme tacit memiliki implementasi dan parameter yang berbeda-beda dalam setiap peristiwa hukum, sehingga mekanisme ini dipergunakan dalam berbagai aspek dan tidak hanya terbatas pada lingkup lingkungan atau maritim saja. ......The differences on the national laws of each member states regarding to the application of the international treaties provisions may result in the different timeline for the provision’s applicability. This, however, makes several member states has the difficulties to achieve the object and purpose of the treaty, especially technical provisions that requires contracting parties for a quick response by implement and enforce them immediately. Furthermore, several treaties and international organizations, such as the International Maritime Organization introduce a system that is called tacit acceptance as a mechanism of choice for member states to give their consent to be bound. The use of tacit acceptance becoming one of the options for parties to implement international agreements at the time of urgency and explicit instruments for showing consent is not possible for the time being. Based on the normative legal research method, it is concluded that tacit acceptance in general is applicable only to the member state or parties deemed appropriate by the treaty itself or court decisions. Nevertheless, it can also be found that third states are using tacit acceptance on treaties, such as Republic of Kazakhstan with Liability Convention 1972 through 1994 Lease Agreement with Russian Federation that regulates about Baikonur Cosmodrome. Third state, in fact, is able to apply tacit acceptance to show their consent through a written form in a separate agreement. Moreover, it can be seen that the tacit mechanism has different implementations and parameters for various legal affair. Having said that, tacit acceptance as a tool for showing one’s consent to be bound is utilized in various aspects and not limited to the environmental and/or maritime subjects.

Abstrak :
Despite many ratifications of international agreement on gender equality by Indonesia, the women still face many kinds of gender-based discrimination. In Aceh’s communities there found a resistance to gender equality due to the contradicting value with religion and culture. Education, in the other hand, could play an important role to reduce gender inequality, but should be incorporated with the changing in religion and culture. Aceh in history, was never out of stock producing women leaders (heroine), most prominently Ratu Safiatudin, Laksamana Malahayati, and Cut Nyak Dien. Aceh heroine narrative was found to be a potential tool to tackle inequality among men and women. This study suggests three major findings regarding the exposure: 1) There was a lacking of integrated gender equality education in the narratives, 2) The cognitive dissonance occurrence and 3) The exposure motivated boys to be more competitive against girls. Overall, the exposure of Aceh heroine narratives gave positive effect for boys to increase their competitiveness and acknowledge women’s capabilities, meanwhile for girls they became inspired in pursuing their dreams and even to lead.