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"ABSTRAKIndustri vape (vaporizer) atau rokok elektrik memasuki babak baru dalam hal perdagangan, khususnya terkait dengan aspek bea cukai. Peraturan baru yang muncul membawa cukai sebagai aspek yang menimbulkan tekanan bagi aktor. Dinamika ini mengikat aktor untuk merespon secara strategis tekanan didalam fase atau tahap institusionalisasi. Tulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan induktif dengan desain eksplanatif untuk menjelaskan dinamika di dalam instituisonalisasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa fase atau tahap institusionalisasi berbanding terbalik dengan konsep sebelumnya dan berjalan secara paralel. Respon strategis juga dilakukan aktor namun lebih mengarah kepada strategi managing environment.

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ABSTRACTVape industry (vaporizer) or electric cigarette enters a new phase in terms of trade, especially related to customs aspects. The new regulations that emerge carry excise as an aspect that creates pressure for the actor. This dynamic binds the actor to respond strategically to pressure in the phase or stage of institutionalization. This paper uses an inductive approach with explanative design to explain the dynamics in instituisalization. The results of this study indicate that the phase or stage of institutionalization is inversely proportional to the previous concept and runs in parallel. Strategic responses are also carried out by actors but are more directed at managing the environment."

"Institutional and semi-institutional networks between employers and educational institutions have been noted as important mechanisms in the transition from school to work in Japan. At the university level, long-term trust relationships between universities and companies were important ties in the transition of science graduates. During the 1980s and early 1990s, institutionally embedded alumni networks also formed a distinctive transition path between high-ranked universities and large corporations for non-science graduates. However, the lost decade of economical stagnation has been accompanied by changes in the structures of the labor market and the transition process of university graduates. In recent years, the institutional and semi-institutional linkages between universities and corporations show strong tendencies toward disbandment. This paper analyzes these structural transformations in the transition from university to work in Japan. The current de institutionalization tendencies are the result of new forms of behavior among the corporate actors as well as the university graduates. These structural changes are not only a result of the economic stagnation and the falling demand for university graduates in the labor market, but also are a reflection of changes in the social values and attitudes of the younger generation of university graduates."

"This paper examines Japan's 1990s property-tax revolt using Schumpeter's fiscal sociology, or what in contemporary terms could be referred to as an historical institutionalist perspective on fiscal politics. We argue that the revolt was rooted in the wartime fiscal system, whose legacy includes bureaucratic turf wars over taxes on income, consumption and assets. In recent years, this conflict over access to revenues has been aggravated by a fiscal crisis and major shifts in Japan's national and subnational tax systems. In our view, the activism of Japan's fiscal bureaucrats tends to be dismissed by rational choice institutionalism, especially tis principal-agent variant. By contrast, we show that bureaucratic agencies are important, autonomous actors in Japanese fiscal politics, and argue that identifying and explaining their organizational agendas requires more eclectic methods. The public finances are one of the best starting points for an investigation of society, especially though not exclusively of its political life. The full fruitfulness of this approach is seen particularly at those turning points or better epochs, during which existing forms begin to die off and to change into something new, and which always involve a crisis of the old fiscal methods."