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"Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengukur besaran underground economy tingkat provinsi di indonesia dengan menggunakan pendekatan moneter. Pengukuran dilakukan dalam periode penelitian tahun 2007-2017, menggunakan regresi ordinary least square, untuk mengestimasi perubahan jumlah uang beredar akibat adanya aktivitas underground economy tingkat regional yang dipengaruhi oleh beban pajak regional. Estimasi dalam penelitian ini menghasilkan besaran underground economy berkisar antara 3.8%-11.6% dari pdrb dengan rata-rata 8% perprovinsi pertahun.

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This study try to measure the size of the provincial-level underground economy in indonesia using a monetary approach. Measurements were made in the study period 2007-2017, using ordinary least square regression, to estimate the currency demand due to underground economy activities at the regional level that are affected by regional tax burdens. Estimates in this study resulted in the amount of underground economy ranging from 3.8%-11.6% of the grdp with an average of 8% per province per year."

"Pita sejarah kelahiran dan kematian kota terurai melalui proses aktivitas kegiatan manusia secara tersadar maupun tidak dalam menjalani, menetapkan dan memutuskan suatu kehidupannya, sehingga menghasilkan sesuatu apa yang disebut peradaban. Kehadiran aktivitas manusia dalam masyarakat sektor informal perkotaan sebagai shadow economy pada kenyataannya mampu menciptakan peluang usaha sekaligus berpotensi dalam penyerapan tenaga kerja yang cukup besar. Ketika terjadi krisis ekonomi di Indonesia tahun 1998, para pedagang Soto Lamongan sebagai salah satu pelaku sektor informal di kota Bekasi turut serta mengalami pengaruh krisis. Kondisi tersebut mempengaruhi penurunan pendapatan dari aktivitas berdagang mereka. Sehingga memaksa para pedagang di sektor pangan informal tersebut berusaha keras untuk melakukan penyesuaian aktivitas khususnya matapencaharian baru sebagai strategi kehidupan di kota Bekasi, salah satunya seperti aktivitas berdagang pecellele Lamongan.Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini, adalah strategi pcnyesuaian aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh rumahtangga-rumahtangga (households) pedagang pecel lele Lamongan di kota Bekasi. Households tersebut meliputi aktivitas produksi, ko­ residen, distribusi, transmisi, dan reproduksi dalam menyesuaikan kebertahanan hidup di kota Bekasi. Pendekatan kualitatif intrinsik, dengan melakukan penelusuran aktivitas pedagang pecel lele Lamongan di kota Bekasi secara mendalam, kemudian mencoba memahami adanya strategi penyesuaian aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh households pedagang pecel /ele Lamongan dalam mempertahankan kehidupannya di kola Bekasi.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa strategi penyesuaian aktivitas households pedagang pecellele Lamongan dalam proses keberrahanan kehidupan di kota Bekasi adalah dengan membentuk komuniti sosial (paguyuban) yang kental dengan etnisitas daerah asal namun juga berfungsi sebagai sumber permodalan. Seperti bentuk' aktivitas arisan yang berdasar kekeluargaan ataupun kekerabatan. Kekentalan etnisitas Lamongan dalam households pedagang pecel lele tersebut pada akhirnya dapat mempengaruhi jaringan-jaringan ekonomi untuk pembangunan di daerah asalnya sendiri. Selain itu pada kota Bekasi jaringan households pedagang pecel lele mampu membangkitkan kedinamisan sektor informal maupun formal lain sebagai penopang roda penggerak pembangunan kota Bekasi dalam sisi ekonomi kerakyatan.

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Throughout urban history, the rise and fall of cities has everything to do with the process of human being activities. Human beings decide their particular way of livings and live their lives such that they, consciously or not, build their civilizations. The emergence of urban informal sector as a shadow economy can provide not only business opportunities and employments, but also affordable goods and services needed to support the existence of formal sector. The 1998 economy crisis lias, however, threaten the urban informal sector in which the Soto (clear soup) Lamongan sellers were not exception. Facing such a threat, human beings would by nature adjust or improve. Particularly for the Solo Lamongan sellers the adjustment took form of additional Pecel Lele (catfish with chili sauce dressing) menu on their lists. In turn, the new menu has even to some extent influenced the urban consumption pattern.

This study aims at better understanding of adjustment strategy carried out by Lamonganese households to survive in Bekasi City. The strategies investigated include households' strategies in production, co-residence, distribution, transmission and reproduction activities. The study employs intrinsic qualitative approach, that is, by in-depth investigation of Pecel Lele Lamongan Sellers in Bekasi, to identify activities adjustment strategy pursued by Lamonganese households to survive.

This study finds that the adjustment strategy has taken further and more advanced form at community level; the households also formed ethnic-based Pecel Lele sellers' community that developed into social network that serves both economic functions (source of capital) and kinship relation."

"Tesis ini membahas Pembinaan Sektor Informal yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Kota Bandung studi kasus pedagang kaki lima yang berada di wilayah Kota Bandung. Metode penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi dan studi dokumentasi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembinaan yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Kota Bandung sudah cukup Baik sesuai dengan amanat Perda Kota Bandung Nomor 04 Tahun 2011, tentang Penataan dan Pembinaan Pedagang Kaki Lima, Manfaat dari pembinaan pedagang kaki lima yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Kota Bandung adalah menciptakan kebersihan, ketertiban dan keindahan Kota Bandung dan kehadiran sektor informal ini menciptakan lapangan kerja yang dapat mengurangi tingkat penganguran dan kemiskinan yang pada akhirnya memberikan dampak positif bagi terciptanya ketahanan daerah yang kondusif.

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The purpose of this thesis discusses the Informal Sector Development undertaken Government of Bandung case study of street vendors who were in the city of Bandung. Qualitative research methods with techniques of data collection through interview, observation and documentation studies.

The results showed that the coaching is done by the Government of Bandung is quite good in accordance with the mandate of Bandung City Regulation Number 04 Year 2011 on Planning and Development of Street Vendors, Benefits of coaching vendors conducted by the City of Bandung is creating cleanliness, order and the beauty of the city of Bandung and the presence of the informal sector is creating jobs that can reduce the level of unemployment and poverty, which in turn have a positive impact for the creation of a conducive regional resilience."

"The development concept applied so far has received criticisms since it is too sectoral and growth oriented. This study offers a proposition that social development must instead, get a central emphasis through developing the fundamental aspects of society, i.e.: structure, culture, and social process. By using data from qualitative research (document study, in depth interview, FGD, and observation) the writing attempts to give an illustration on how Solo Government Central Java Province conducts social development especially for street vendors. The study shows that the inclusive value- and participatory-based social development has been practiced at a certain level in Solo. The article concludes that the local government of Solo has conducted social development by relying more on structural development, through which cultural and social processes are also developed. Furthermore, there have also been dynamic, reciprocal interactions among all aspects in the social development (self-reinforcing) process in Solo. It is the basic message of this writing that, any policy study must direct its concern more towards fundamental elements of societal life, i.e. structure, culture, and social process"

"After more than six decades, the growth oriented development strategy has failed to develop peoples essentialwell being, social equality and better quality of socio cultural life. United Nations called it: jobless, ruthless,rootless, voiceless, and futureless growth (UNDP, 1997). Recently, several new development approaches hasbeen introduced, such as People Centered Development, MDGs, Human Development, but those approaches areproposing more for the enhancement of some social sectors, rather than being oriented into developing a goodsociety. Herewith, in this article a more sociological conceptualization of social development is introduced byemphasizing that developing human being has to be done through developing the basic elements of social life,namely structure, culture and process of the society. The purpose of this paper is to propose and discuss the newand the more sociological concept of social development. An action research has been conducted to exploresome empirical evidence of social development practices implemented in Surakarta city as an illustration."

"ABSTRAKSektor informal masih memiliki peranan yang besar dalam perekonomian Indonesia, serta memiliki hubungan yang erat sebagai pendorong perekonomian sebagaimana kurang lebih 45 persen output di Indonesia diproduksi oleh usaha-usaha sektor informal dan hampir 90 persennya merupakan lapangan pekerjaan bagi tenaga kerja di Indonesia. Kendati demikian, perhatian seringkali lebih ditekankan pada bagaimana cara membuat para pelaku sektor informal ini untuk berpindah menjadi formal alih-alih menargetkan secara langsung sektor informal tersebut untuk berbagai program pembangunan. Padahal, terdapat beberapa bukti empiris yang menemukan bahwa sektor informal di negara-negara berkembang seperti di Indonesia tidak mendukung model ekslusi exclusion model mdash;mereka ada karena pertimbangan rasional rrational exit model dan melayani pasar yang berbeda dengan sektor formal dual economy. Selain itu, kebijakan-kebijakan yang diterapkan seringkali tidak mengakumulasikan adanya heterogenitas dalam sektor informal yang meyebabkan implementasi kebijakan tidak tepat sasaran karena adanya perbedaan karakteristik. Penelitian ini mereplikasi peelitian yag dilakukan oleh Grimm, Knorringa, Lay 2012 di Afrika yang mencoba untuk membagi sektor informal di Indonesia menjadi tiga kelompok mdash;top performers, constrained gazelles, dan survivalists mdash;serta mencari tahu bagaimana heterogenitas sektor informal di Indonesia ini berpengaruh pada performa perusahaan yang diukur dari level profit perusahaan. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga melihat pengaruh dari heterogenitas pada keinginan pengusaha untuk mengembangkan usahanya melalui pinjaman dari lembaga keuangan formal seperti bank.

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ABSTRACTThe informal sector still plays a significant role in Indonesian economy, as well as associated with one of the growth factor as roughly 45 percent of total output is produced by informal Small and Micro Enterprises SMEs and more than 90 percent of them provide jobs for the labor force in Indonesia. However, many of the policy makers rsquo attention is placed on how to formalize these firms instead of targetting the informal sector directly for development programs, even though some evidences about the informal sector in dynamic developing countries like Indonesia say that their existence is more driven by the rational exit model and dual economy model instead of exclusion model. In other words, the informal sector exists toserve different market than that of formal sector, and their existence is a product of some rational cost benefit calculation. Moreover, the implemented policies, both policy about how to formalize these firms and financing policy for especially SMEs usually don rsquo t take into account the heterogeneity within the informal sector, which make such policies ineffective and inefficient due to diverse characteristics of groups in informal sector. This research tries to homogenize the informal sector in Indonesia into groups that are first introduced by Grimm, Knorringa, Lay 2012 which is the top performers, the constrained gazelles, and the survivalist, and also to further research whether the heterogeneity within Indonesian informal sector affects firms rsquo growths. This research also tries to see if heterogeneity, in any way, affects informal entrepreneurs rsquo willingness to expand their busniesses through the formal financial setors rsquo financing. "