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"Latar belakang: Bising telah diketahui dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan pekerja berupa stres. Namun penelitian tentang bising di bawah nilai ambang batas (NAB) masih sedikit ditemukan. Bising menyebabkan reaksi stres melalui aktivasi mekanisme alostasis dengan mengaktivasi aksis hipotalamus-hipofisis-adrenal (HPA-aksis) dan sistesis hormon kortisol. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji kemungkinan terjadinya efek bising dengan intensitas di bawah nilai ambang batas terhadap kadar kortisol darah.Metoda penelitian: penelitian berupa studi eksperimental terhadap 108 subjek yang terbagi dengan cara randomisasi blok menjadi 6 kelompok dengan perlakuan pajanan bising yang terukur selama 15 menit, yaitu kelompok kontrol (Laeq,8h 23 dBA), Laeq,8h 23 dBA, Laeq,8h 55 dBA, Laeq,8h 60 dBA, Laeq,8h 65 dBA dan Laeq,8h 70 dBA. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari laki-laki sehat, berusia 18-39 tahun dan memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Penilaian kadar kortisol sebelum dan sesudah intervensi dilakukan berdasarkan analisis laboratorium dengan teknik electrochemilminescence immunoassay.Hasil penelitian: Subjek penelitian yang memenuhi syarat sebanyak 102 orang yang berusia 23,99 tahun±4,77 tahun. Subjek penelitian memiliki kesetaraan karakteristik antar kelompok perlakuan menurut variabel umur, lama kerja, lama riwayat kerja, nilai GHQ, nilai IMT, frekuensi nadi, tekanan sistolik dan tekanan diastolik. Analisis kovarian membuktikan variabel frekuensi napas sebelum intervensi yang tidak setara antar kelompoknya, tidak memiliki pengaruh yang bermakna secara statistik terhadap perubahan persentase kenaikan kadar kortisol (p=0,947). Rerata kadar kortisol sebelum dan sesudah intervensi berbeda bermakna secara statistik pada kelompok Laeq,8h 23 dBA, kelompok Laeq,8h 65 dBA, dan kelompok Laeq,8h 70 dBA (p<0,05). Rerata persentase kenaikan kadar kortisol memiliki perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara kelompok Laeq,8h 23 dBA dengan kelompok Kontrol, Laeq,8h 55 dBA, Laeq,8h 60 dBA, dan Laeq,8h 65 dBA serta antara kelompok Laeq,8h 60 dBA dengan kelompok Laeq,8h 70 dBA.Kesimpulan: pengaruh bising terhadap stres terjadi pada kelompok Laeq,8h 70 dBA. Temuan ini mengindikasikan perlunya peninjauan lebih lanjut mengenai kebijakan NAB yang berlaku untuk lingkungan industri dan perkantoran. Pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan aplikasi praktis tentang bising disarankan lebih terfokus pada pajanan bising di bawah NAB serta penelitian lebih lanjut terhadap pengaruh ruang kedap suara terhadap kadar kortisol.

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Background: Noise was already known caused worker’s health disruption, which is stress. But, there is a few of experiment about noise below threshold limit values (TLV). Noise can caused stress reaction via activation of allostasis mechanism which first activated hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal axis and synthesis cortisol. This study conducted to review a possibility of the effect of noise below threshold value to blood cortisol value.

Method : This study was experimental study used 108 subject which divided to 6 threat groups by blocking random. The 6 threat groups with 15 minutes controled-noise-intervention were control group (Laeq,8h 43 dBA), Laeq,8h 23 dBA, Laeq,8h 55 dBA, Laeq,8h 60 dBA, Laeq,8h 65 dBA dan Laeq,8h 70 dBA. The subjects consist of healthy men, aged 18-39 years old, and fullfilled the criteria. The measurement of cortisol value before and after intervention based on laboratory analysis with electrochemilminescence immunoassay technique.

Result : 102 men with age 23,99 years ± 4,77 years. The subjects matched by age variable, length of work, length of past work, GHQ score, Body mass index (BMI), pulse, systolic and diastolic pressure. Covarian analysis show the inequality of breathing frequency between groups before intervention had not statistically significant contribution to cortisol elevation percentage (p=0,947). Mean of cortisol elevation percentage before and after intervension was statistically significant between Laeq,8h 23 dBA group with Control, Laeq,8h 55 dBA, Laeq,8h 60 dBA, dan Laeq,8h 65 dBA, and also between Laeq,8h 60 dBA group with Laeq,8h 70 dBA group (p<0,05).

Summary : The effect of noise with stress arouse at Laeq,8h 70 dBA. This result had indication that we need a review of noise thresshold value in industrial and office sectors. We recommended that progression of knowledge and practical application about noise should be more focused on noise exposure below threshold limit value and further study to investigate the effect of sound-proof room to blood cortisol."

"Principles of toxicology : environmental and industrial applications, this edition provides health protection professionals as well as environmental scientists with precise, up-to-date, practical information on how to apply the science of toxicology in both the occupational and environmental setting. Through contributions from leading experts in diverse fields. Principles of toxicology, second edition features :

• - Clear explanations of the fundamentals necessary for an understanding of the effects of chemical hazards on human health and ecosystems
• - Coverage of occupational medicine and epidemiological issues
• - The manifestation of toxic agents such as metals, pesticides, organic solvents, and natural toxins
• - Special emphasis on the evaluation and control of toxic hazards
• - Specific case histories on applying risk assessment methods in the modern workplace
• - Ample figures, references, and a comprehensive glossary of toxicological terms

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"Pendahuluan: Debu tepung adalah pajanan alergen terhadap pembuat roti yang telah diidentifikasi sebagai faktor determinan sensitisasi alergi dan dapat dilihat dari tingginya prevalensi kejadian atopik alergen gandum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi faktor individu dan faktor pekerjaan yang berperan terhadap kejadian atopik alergen gandum pada pembuat roti tradisional di Jakarta.Metode: Penelitian potong lintang komparatif ini dilakukan pada pembuat roti tradisional di 10 pabrik roti di Jakarta dengan membandingkan antara 26 pekerja yang atopik terhadap alergen gandum dengan 79 pekerja yang tidak atopik. Data faktor individu dan faktor pekerjaan diperoleh dengan menggunakan kuesioner, data atopik alergen gandum diperoleh dengan melakukan tes tusuk kulit, dan data higiene lingkungan kerja diperoleh dengan menggunakan nilai tilik mold & dampness assessment sheet NIOSH.Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi logistik, ditemukan bahwa faktor determinan kejadian atopik alergen gandum pada pembuat roti tradisional di Jakarta adalah kebiasaan merokok (p = 0,047; OR 0,14; 95% CI 0,02-0,97), atopik terhadap tungau debu rumah (p = 0,022; OR 12,20; 95% CI 1,45-119,49), dan masa kerja (p = 0,044; OR 3,52; 95% CI 1,03-11,98).Kesimpulan: Atopik terhadap tungau debu rumah dan masa kerja meningkatkan risiko untuk mengalami kejadian atopik alergen gandum, sedangkan kebiasaan merokok sedang-berat mengurangi kejadian atopik alergen gandum.

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Background: Wheat flour is an occupational exposure to the bakers that has been identified as a determinant allergen among the bakers that can be seen from the high prevalence of atopic events. This study aimed at exploring factors that contribute to the event atopic wheat allergens in traditional bakers in Jakarta.

Methods: This cross sectional comparative study was conducted in 10 traditional bakeries in Jakarta by comparing 26 atopic workers to wheat allergens with 79 non-atopic workers. Data about individual and occupational factors were obtained using a questionnaire, atopic to wheat allergens obtained by conducting skin prick tests, and work environment hygiene data obtained by using NIOSH mold & dampness assessment sheet.

Results: Based on the results of logistic regression analysis, it was found that the determinant factor for developing atopic wheat allergens among traditional bakers in Jakarta was smoking habits (p = 0.047; OR 0.14; 95% CI 0.02-0.97), atopic to house dust mites (p = 0.022; OR 12,20; 95% CI 1.45-119.49), and work period (p = 0.044; OR 3.52; 95% CI 1.03-11.98).

Conclusion: Atopic to house dust mites and work period increases the risk factors to the occurrence of atopic to wheat allergen, while moderate-heavy smoking habits reduced the risk of the occurrence of atopic to wheat allergen."