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Abstrak :
Private transfer have important role in economic landscape. Unlike in developed countries, many people in developing countries must depend on financial transfer from their children as main of old-age support. Therefore, transfer from children replaces the function of social security institution that insure elderly to enjoy smoothing consumption over his or her remain lifetime. Therefore, parents finance human capital investment to their children and, in return, children repay their loan by providing support (in form monetary transfer) for their parents. This article aimsto examine the role of level education of children, intensity of contact and geographic proximity on intergenerational transfer, especially income transfer from children, using data from Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). By controlling for any characteristics of children (i.e., age, gender and marital status) and characteristics of parent (activity, parent's education and health status), the results show that education of children has significant and systematic effect on child-to-parent income transfer, i.e: the higher education level, the higher amount of transfer. Additionally, both money transfer and commodity base transfer have significant relationship with parent's regularly activity. To some extent, these findings are consistent with idea that children area the important source of old-age support security, especially in developing countries.

Abstrak :
Penelitian berbasis Soft Systems Methodology ini merupakan penelitian problem solving interest, dengan menganalisis transformasi kelembagaan Badan Pengawas Pemilihan Umum dalam rangka menciptakan Badan Pengawas Pemilu yang diakui integritas dan kredibilitasnya serta mampu mendorong terselenggaranya pemilu yang demokratis. Badan Pengawas Pemilu sebagai organisasi negara yang ditugaskan untuk mengawasi penyelenggaraan pemilu tidak hanya tergantung pada kondisi internalnya saja, tetapi juga pada relasi, interaksi, dan kontraksi dengan pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) pemilu lainnya. Badan Pengawas Pemilu pun harus menghadapi situasi bermasalah, terutama menyangkut eksistensi dan kinerjanya. Kerumitan sebagai konsekuensi pilihan sistem pemilu, kondisi geografis Indonesia, dan juga keterbatasan sumberdaya manusia yang dimiliki, misalnya, merupakan kendala yang harus dikelola dengan baik oleh Badan Pengawas Pemilu. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi transformasi kelembagaan Badan Pengawas Pemilu dengan menggunakan teori New Institutionalism in Economic Sociology yang dikemukakan oleh Victor Nee (2003, 2005) sebagai kerangka penelitian, sebagaimana diaplikasikan juga oleh Fitriati (2012) dan Hardjosoekarto et.al. (2013). Sistem regulasi berupa revisi Undang-Undang Penyelenggara Pemilihan Umum; sistem organisasi berupa penataan struktur tata kelola (governance structure); dan sistem interaksi antar-pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) pemilu; merupakan sistem pada tataran makro, meso, dan mikro yang mempengaruhi transformasi kelembagaan Badan Pengawas Pemilu. Perubahan pada ketiga tataran kelembagaan tersebut merupakan sebuah kesatuan, tidak dilakukan secara terpisah untuk bisa memberikan dampak signifikan dalam perbaikan atas situasi bermasalah yang dihadapi oleh Badan Pengawas Pemilu.

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This Soft Systems Methodology-based research is a problem solving research, which analyzes the institutional transformation of the Republic of Indonesia Election Supervisory Body that is intended to encourage the establishment of an Election Supervisory Body whose integrity and credibility are acknowledged and is able to strengthen the implementation of a democratic election. The Election Supervisory Body as a state body that is tasked with monitoring the implementation of election not only relies on its internal condition, but also on its relation, interaction, and contraction with other election stakeholders. The Election Supervisory Body also has to face problematic situations, particularly that which relates to its existence and performance. Complexities as a consequence of chosen election system, geographic condition of Indonesia, and limitation in human resource are among the obstacles that must be managed well by the Election Supervisory Body. In exploring the institutional transformation of the Election Supervisory Body, this research employs the New Institutionalism in Economic Sociology theory offered by Victor Nee (2003, 2005) as its research framework, as was also applied by Fitriati (2012) and Hardjosoekarto et.al. (2013). The regulatory system in the form of the revised Law on General Election Implementers; organizational system in the form of restructuring the governance structure; interaction system between election-related stakeholders; are systems at the macro, meso, and micro levels that influence the institutional transformation of the Election Supervisory Body. Changes at the those three institutional levels occur as one entity, cannot be conducted separately in order to bring significant impact into the effort to improve the problematic situations faced by the Election Supervisory Body.