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"The hypersensitive reaction (HR) jn plants is a plant defense system against pathogen attack. HR is characterized by the rapid death of infected cells accompanying the formation of necrotic lessions in which pathogens are thought to be enclosed. Following the early signaling events activated by pathogen attack, the elicitor signals are often amplified through the generation of secondary signal molecules such as salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonate acid (JA). Some studies have shown thai SA- and JA-signaling pathways are interconnected in complicated ways and it is still not clear how defense response is modulated by SA and JA. To understand better the involvement of JA. the action of MeJA on harpin-induced HR was investigated by using tobacco plant (wildtype and transgenic carrying a chimeric gene of PSPAL2 promoter and GUS gene. Leaves of of tobacco were infiltrated with harpin and MeJA. The results from HR assay and GUS histochemical staining showed that induction of HR by harpin (250 ug/ml) seems to be modulated by 100 uM MeJA. These results suggest that exogenenously application of MeJA will affect the endogenous concentration in plant that will become a switching point for MeJA to lead the potentiation or suppression of defense response."

"Ekstrak meniran dan jinten hitam telah lama digunakan sebagai imunostimulan tunggal. Sedangkan kombinasi kedua ekstrak tersebut belum pernah digunakan sebagai imunostimulan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek imunostimulan dari kombinasi ekstrak meniran dan jinten hitam dibandingkan dengan efek imunostimulan dari ekstrak tunggal. Penelitian dilakukan dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap menggunakan 24 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Sprague-Dawley yang terbagi dalam 6 kelompok. Larutan uji dalam bentuk suspensi diberikan secara per oral. Kelompok 1 merupakan kelompok kontrol. Kelompok 2 diberikan suspensi ekstrak meniran dosis tunggal (27 mg per hewan uji). Kelompok 3 diberikan suspensi ekstrak jinten hitam (10 mg per hewan uji). Kelompok 4 diberikan suspensi kombinasi (13,5 mg ekstrak meniran dan 5 mg ekstrak jinten hitam per hewan uji). Kelompok 5 diberikan suspensi kombinasi 2 (6,75 mg ekstrak meniran dan 7,5 mg ekstrak jinten hitam per hewan uji). Kelompok 6 diberikan suspensi kombinasi 3 (21 mg ekstrak meniran dan 2,5 mg ekstrak jinten hitam per hewan uji). Aktivitas imunostimulan diukur dengan uji hipersensitivitas tipe lambat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua variasi dosis kombinasi ekstrak meniran dan jinten hitam memiliki aktivitas imunostimulan. Dosis kombinasi lainnya maupun ekstrak dalam dosis tunggal. Dosis kombinasi 3 memiliki aktivitas imunostimulan yang lebih kuat daripada dosis kombinasi 1 dan dosis ekstrak tunggal. Aktivitas imunostimulan dari dosis kombinasi 1 dan dosis ekstrak tunggal tidak memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna."

"Pendahuluan : Pemeriksaan high resolution computer tomography (HRCT) menjadi pilihan metode pemeriksaan penunjang untuk penegakan diagnosis hipersensitif pneumonitis. Dengan belum adanya pemeriksaan baku emas penegakan diagnosis maka perlu ditelaah mengenai keakuratan penggunaan metode penunjang penegakan diagnosis tersebut.Metode : metode pencarian artikel menggunakan pubmed dan scopus serta melakukan skrining artikel berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Hasil pencarian artikel tersebut kemudian dilakukan telaah dengan menggunakan kriteria penilaian validitas, tingkat pentingnya hasil yang didapat pada penelitian tersebut, dan kemampu-terapan.Hasil : Hasil pencarian didapatkan sebanyak 415 artikel dari Pubmed dan 343 artikel dari Scopus. Ditemukan hanya 2 (dua) artikel uji diagnosis yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, eksklusi dan metode PICO yang ditetapkan sebelumnya. Artikel pertama oleh Lynch dkk (1992) ditemukan sensitivitas 45 %, spesifisitas 90 % dan akurasi diagnosis sebesar 74 %. Artikel kedua oleh Rival G (2016) dkk menemukan nilai sensitivitas 66 %, spesifisitas 96 % dan akurasi diagnostik sebesar 86 %. Sehingga terbukti bahwa pemeriksaan high resolution computer tomography (HRCT) sebagai metode / alat penegakan diagnosis hipersensitif pneumonitis memiliki tingkat akurasi yang baik namun tidak cukup akurat sebagai alat skrining diagnosis hipersensitif pneumonitis.

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Introduction : High resolution computer tomography (HRCT) examination becomes the preferred method of investigation for the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. In the absence of a gold standard of diagnosis, it is important to examine the sensitivity and specificity of this method.

Method : The articles searching methods by using Pubmed and Scopus and screening the articles with inclution and exclution criteria which were predetermined, articles were than performed using the assesment criteria of validity, importance, and ability applied.

Result : The results were 415 articles from Pubmed and 343 articles from Scopus. 2 (two) articles diagnostic test were found in accordance with the inclution, exclution criteria and PICO methods which were predetermined. These articles were than performed a systematic review of articles and the result was valid. The first Article by Lynch et all (1992) found 45 % sensitivity, 90 % specificity and the accuration of diagnose was 74 % and the second article by Rival G et all (2016) found 66 % sensitivity, 96 % specificity and the accuration of diagnose was 86 %. There were found an evidence about using the accuration of high resolution computer tomography (HRCT) as a tool for diagnosis hypersensitivity pneumonitis was good. But the accuracy was not accurate enough as a screening tool for hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

Conclusion : using high resolution computer tomography (HRCT) is more acurate as a diagnostic examination than a screening method."

""Focusing on human immunology and biology, while also reporting on scientific experimentation and advancement, this book provides comprehensive coverage of state-of-the-art basic science as well as authoritative guidance on the practical aspects of day-to-day diagnosis and management." -- Publisher. "

"Objective: The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence, distribution and association of developmentalalteration in tooth number with gender, location, and presence of delayed eruption of tooth among children whoattended to Student’s polyclinic of IIUM Kuantan, Malaysia. Methods: A cross sectional study on total 727Orthopanthomograms (OPGs) of 3-17 years old children from April 2009 to July 2012. OPGs with presence ofalteration number were scrutinized to find out the prevalence, distribution and association. The data was analyzedcomparing gender, location and presence of delayed eruption and tested using Chi-square test. Results: Out of 727OPGs, 71 OPGs showed developmental alteration in tooth number. The prevalence was 98/1000 OPGs within 3 years.Among those 71 OPGs, the gender differences were: males (49.3%) and females (50.7%). Locations were found inmaxilla (45.1%), mandible (40.8%) and both (14.0%). The finding of delayed eruption was (7.0%). There weresignificant differences between alteration in tooth number with location as (p < 0.05) while there were no significantdifferences with gender and delayed eruption as (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that hyperdontia wasconsiderably lower than hypodontia. There was association between alteration in tooth number with location, but noassociation with gender and delayed eruption."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 221-223Hypersensitivity of dentine is a common problem and may occur in a specific tooth, in several teeth, or in one area of the mouth and with various intensity of pain. The most accepted theory related to dentinal hypersensitivity is the hydrodynamic theory. This paper will discuss the iontophoresis with fluor to overcome the problem of hypersensitivity."

"Latar belakang: Penyakit alergi didasari reaksi hipersensitivitas yang diinisiasi mekanisme imunologi spesifik diperantarai oleh IgE. Warga kota Denpasar memiliki karakteristik spesifik, yaitu tingkat memelihara hewan berbulu anjing dan konsumsi daging babi yang tinggi. Data sensitisasi alergen pada anak di kota Denpasar belum ada. Penelitian sensitisasi alergen dapat memberikan gambaran sensitisasi spesifik untuk anak di kota Denpasar sehingga upaya pencegahan penyakit alergi dapat dilakukan dengan lebih efektif. Tujuan: Mengetahui sensitisasi alergen pada anak dengan penyakit alergi dermatitis atopi, asma, rinitis alergi yang dibuktikan melalui uji tusuk kulit di RSUP Sanglah Denpasar. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang di Poliklinik Rawat Jalan Alergi Imunologi Bagian/SMF Ilmu Kesehatan Anak, RSUP Sanglah, Denpasar, periode Januari 2017-Maret 2017. Anak usia 3-18 tahun dengan dermatitis atopi, asma, rinitis alergi dan orang tua setuju mengikuti penelitian akan diinklusi. Sensitisasi alergen dibuktikan melalui uji tusuk kulit terhadap alergen spesifik inhalan dan/atau ingestan, hasil positif bila diameter urtika 3 mm. Data dinyatakan sebagai proporsi, dilakukan pengelompokan berdasarkan jenis penyakit alergi dan umur. Hasil: Proporsi anak dengan penyakit alergi, yaitu dermatitis atopi 30,5, asma 57,9, dan rinitis alergi 56,8. Proporsi berdasarkan multimorbiditas penyakit adalah dermatitis atopi dengan asma 8,5, dermatitis atopi dengan rinitis alergi 4,2, asma dengan rinitis alergi 24,2, dermatitis atopi dengan asma dan rinitis alergi 4,2, dermatitis atopi 13,7, asma 21, rinitis alergi 24,2. Sensitisasi pada kelompok dermatitis atopi usia 3-6 tahun tersering terhadap alergen ingestan, usia sekolah baik pada dermatitis atopi, asma, maupun rinitis alergi sensitisasi terutama terhadap alergen inhalan D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, kecoa. Simpulan: Proporsi penyakit alergi tertinggi pada anak di kota Denpasar adalah asma dengan rinitis alergi. Sensitisasi terutama terhadap alergen inhalan pada anak usia sekolah.

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Background: Allergic disease in children is based on hypersensitivity reactions initiated by specific immunologic mechanism mediated by IgE. Residents of Denpasar city have their own characteristics in terms of the level of having furry animals dogs and the level of consumption of pork is high. While allergen sensitization data for the children of Denpasar is still not available. Allergen sensitization research in Denpasar will give a picture of the sensitization type specifically for children in Denpasar in order for having more effective prevention programs.

Objectives: To study the sensitization of allergens in children with atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis that proven through skin prick test at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar.

Methods: A cross sectional study was done in the Outpatient Immunology Allergy Polyclinic, Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar in the period of January to March 2017. Children 3 18 years who are diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, and the parents signed a letter of approval, will be included. Allergen sensitization proven by skin prick test against specific allergens inhalants and or ingestants, and it classified positive results when indicating wheal diameter ge 3 mm. The data is calculated as a proportion number and is grouped based on the type of allergy and age.

Results: The proportion of children with allergy was atopic dermatitis 30.5, asthma 57.9, and allergic rhinitis 56.8. While the proportion based on the multimorbidity of the disease is atopic dermatitis with asthma 8.5, atopy dermatitis with allergic rhinitis 4.2, asthma with allergic rhinitis 24.2, atopy dermatitis with asthma and allergic rhinitis 4.2, atopic dermatitis 13, 7, asthma 21, and allergic rhinitis 24.2. Sensitization in the atopy dermatitis at age 3 6 years group frequently to ingestant allergen, but at school age in both atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis sensitization especially to inhalants allergen D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and cockroaches.

Conclusions: Children in Denpasar showed the highest proportion of allergies for asthma and allergic rhinitis, with the majority of allergen are inhaled at school age."