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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Efficiency of water usage is needed for sustainable agriculture. The aim of this research is to investigate the hydroponic (NFT, DFT, Aeroponic) efficiency on water use using Amaranthus viridis L. as the planted material. Efficiency on water use was measured by comparing the water use on hydroponic with the control during the plant growing period. The result shows that the three type of hydroponics are able to increase efficiency of water use. NFT is the most efficient technique with efficiency on water use 20.43%. While DFT and Aeroponic, has the efficiency on water use 12.29% and 3.57%, respectively. Enhancing efficiency of water use on hydroponic was caused by the clossing and circulating irrigation technique on hydroponic are able to minimize the evaporation .

Abstrak :
Hidroponik dapat mengatasi permasalahan ketersediaan lahan dan mengoptimasi konsumsi air irigasi dalam memenuhi kebutuhan pangan, namun hidroponik memiliki konsumsi energi yang besar yaitu 90 kali lebih besar daripada pertanian konvensional. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sebuah sistem yang dapat membantu memenuhi konsumsi energi hidroponik. Teknologi yang dapat digunakan adalah pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis kelayakan ekonomi pada 16 skenario rumah produksi sayur hidroponik dengan 3 desain PRO (PRO A, PRO B, PRO C (yang dibedakan berdasarkan keluaran feed)). Proyek ini akan memproduksi 3 jenis tanaman (tomat, bayam, dan selada) atau 1 jenis tanaman saja. Hasil perhitungan ekonomi pada skenario dengan PRO lalu dibandingkan dengan skenario tanpa PRO. Hasilnya, dari 12 skenario desain menggunakan PRO, hanya terdapat 3 skenario PRO yang mengungguli profitabilitas skenario tanpa PRO, yaitu produksi bayam menggunakan PRO A, PRO B, dan PRO C. Desain terbaik tersebut mampu memproduksi 78 ton bayam/tahun, dengan umur pabrik 10 tahun, biaya investasi modal sebesar 1,4 miliar, biaya operasional 855 juta/tahun, mampu meraup keuntungan bersih sebesar 1,3 miliar/tahun, desain ini layak secara ekonomi yang dibuktikan dengan nilai NPV yang bernilai positif (di angka 11 miliar), IRR sebesar 99% (lebih dari MARR 1,7%), dan PBP kurang dari 6 bulan. Selain itu Dengan pengintegrasian PRO pada sistem fertigasi hidroponik dapat membantu mengenerasi energi dan daya sehingga kebutuhan daya pompa pada sistem dapat terpenuhi dengan sendirinya atau dapat disimpulkan bahwa biaya utilitas dapat diminimalisir. ......Hydroponics can address land availability issues and optimize irrigation water consumption in meeting food needs, but it has a high energy consumption, approximately 90 times higher than conventional farming. Therefore, a system is needed to help fulfill the energy consumption of hydroponics. One technology that can be used is pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). This research was conducted to analyze the economic feasibility of 16 scenarios for hydroponic vegetable production houses with 3 PRO designs (PRO A, PRO B, PRO C differentiated by feed output). The project will produce 3 types of crops (tomatoes, spinach, and lettuce) or only 1 type of crop. The economic calculations of scenarios with PRO were then compared with scenarios without PRO. The results showed that out of the 12 PRO design scenarios, only 3 PRO scenarios outperformed the profitability of scenarios without PRO, specifically the production of spinach using PRO A, PRO B, and PRO C. The best design was able to produce 78 tons of spinach per year with a plant lifespan of 10 years. The capital investment cost was 1.4 billion, with operational costs of 855 million per year, resulting in a net profit of 1.3 billion per year. This design proved to be economically viable, demonstrated by a positive Net Present Value (NPV) of 11 billion, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 99% (higher than the Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return/MARR of 1.7%), and a Payback Period (PBP) of less than 6 months. Furthermore, by integrating PRO into the hydroponic fertigation system, it can help generate energy and power, thereby meeting the pump power requirements of the system automatically. It can be concluded that utility costs can be minimized. Integrating PRO technology into hydroponic systems offers the potential to improve energy efficiency, optimize water usage, and increase profitability. However, further research and evaluation are needed to ensure the suitability and sustainability of PRO technology implementation in a broader context of hydroponic agriculture.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini mengusulkan GreenPRO sebagai solusi untuk mengeksplorasi integrasi energi osmotik dalam konteks pertanian, dengan fokus pada pembangkitan listrik. Tiga desain PRO dievaluasi untuk ekstraksi energi dari larutan nutrisi seperti DAS, KCl, dan MAP, dengan variasi konsentrasi antara 0,1 hingga 5,0 mol/L. Desain 1 mampu mengekstraksi 2,2 hingga 3,3 kWh/m³ energi melalui proses fertigasi, dengan densitas energi meningkat seiring dengan konsentrasi. Namun, desain 2 dan 3 memerlukan energi eksternal dan hanya mampu mengekstraksi 0,002 hingga 4,43% dari energi yang diekstraksi oleh desain 1. Meskipun perbedaan ini signifikan, desain 1 sulit diaplikasikan secara praktis karena keterbatasan struktural membran komersial dan efek polarisasi konsentrasi (CP) serta reverse salt flux (RSF) dalam proses desain. Namun demikian, desain 2 atau 3 menunjukkan densitas daya membran yang masih kompetitif secara komersial, terutama pada konsentrasi 5 mol/L KCl dengan densitas daya sekitar 5,33 W/m². Studi ini juga menguji potensi ekstraksi energi osmotik pada beberapa tanaman hidroponik umum dengan nutrisi tunggal, menghasilkan hingga 104 Wh/m³/tahun energi dalam kondisi praktis, menghemat sekitar 1,5% dari konsumsi listrik. Analisis ekonomi menunjukkan bahwa proyek PRO cukup berhasil, dengan IRR mencapai 19,97%. ......This research proposes GreenPRO as a solution to explore the integration of osmotic energy in agriculture, focusing on electricity generation. Three PRO designs were evaluated for energy extraction from nutrient solutions such as DAS, KCl, and MAP, with varying concentrations between 0.1 to 5.0 mol/L. Design 1 was able to extract 2.2 to 3.3 kWh/m³ of energy through the fertigation process, with energy density increasing along with the concentration. However, designs 2 and 3 required external energy and could only extract 0.002 to 4.43% of the energy extracted by design 1. Despite this significant difference, design 1 is challenging to apply practically due to the structural limitations of commercial membranes and the effects of CP and RSF in the design process. Nevertheless, designs 2 or 3 demonstrated membrane power densities that are still commercially competitive, especially at a concentration of 5 mol/L KCl with a power density of around 5.33 W/m². The study also tested the potential for osmotic energy extraction on several common hydroponic plants with single nutrients, yielding up to 104 Wh/m³/year of energy under practical conditions, saving about 1.5% of electricity consumption. Economic analysis indicates that the PRO project is quite successful, with an IRR of 19.97%.