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Abstrak :

Scrub terdiri atas butiran-butiran kasar sebagai exfoliate berupa partikel microbeads. Namun, keberadaan microbeads ini menjadi permasalahan baru dilingkungan karena sifatnya yang non biodegradable dan hidrofobik. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, telah ditemukan microbeads biodegradable dari selulosa Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) sebagai limbah industri yang belum dimanfaatan secara optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh selulosa asetat dari limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit yang memiliki karakteristik seperti microbeads polyetilen agar dapat digunakan pada pembuatan scrub. Selulosa dari tandan kosong kelapa sawit diekstraksi melalui proses delignifikasi dan bleaching. Selulosa yang diperoleh selanjutnya diaktifasi dengan asam asetat glasial, diasetilasi dengan katalis (asam sulfat) serta asam asetat anhidrat. Selanjutnya ditambahkan aquades sebagai proses hidrolisa. Selulosa asetat yang diperoleh kemudian dicuci, dikeringkan dalam oven, dihaluskan dan disaring dengan saringan 40 dan 60 mesh. Diperoleh yield selulosa asetat sebesar 85,16%. Analisis awal merupakan analisis penyerapan air dari selulosa dan selulosa asetat dengan hasil yang diperoleh masing-masing sebesar 82,43% dan 24,83%, serta penyerapan minyak masing-masing sebesar 10,34% dan 8,27%. Nilai penyerapan air dan minyak dapat menentukan apakah selulosa asetat dalam scrub dapat digunakan untuk kulit manusia secara umum yang lembab dan berminyak. Dilanjutkan dengan analisis FTIR yang menunjukkan selulosa asetat memiliki gugus fungsi C=O pada panjang gelombang 1737,97 cm^-1. Analisis SEM-EDS menunjukkan permukaan pori selulosa asetat lebih seragam dan distribusi pori lebih merata daripada selulosa serta memiliki komposisi dominan dari karbon (c) dan oksigen (O) sebagai senyawa organik dan ramah lingkungan. Proses selanjutnya, selulosa asetat dengan variabel konsentrasi 1, 3 dan 5 % dicampur pada formula krim scrub. Formula scrub dianalisis secara berkala dengan analisis pH, organoleptis, dan stabilitas. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa selulosa asetat dari limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti microbeads biodegradabel untuk pembuatan scrub dengan konsentrasi terbaik yaitu 5% karena memiliki pH yang lebih rendah agar dapat menjaga ketahanan kulit terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri dan rangsangan iritasi. Hasil uji stabilitas scrub meliputi angka lempeng total dan kapang khamir yaitu sebesar <10 CFU/gr (angka maksimum yang disyaratkan oleh BPOM sebesar ≤10³ CFU/gr). Produk scrub berupa cairan kental dengan konsentrasi selulosa asetat 5% bermanfaat untuk mempercepat proses scrubing,  mempermudah mengangkat kotoran pada kulit dan sel kulit mati.

 

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The scrub are consist of  coarse particles as exfoliate in the form of microbeads particles. However, the existence of microbeads is a new problem in the environment. Its non-biodegradable and hydrophobic. To overcome this problem, microbeads biodegradable have been found from cellulose Oil Palm Empty Bunches as industrial waste that has not been optimally utilized. This study aims to obtain cellulose acetate from oil palm empty fruit bunch waste which has characteristics such as polyethylene microbeads so that it can be used in scrub formulas. Cellulose from oil palm empty bunches was extracted through a process of delignification and bleaching. Then the product of cellulose was activated with glacial acetic acid, acetylation process were added catalyst (sulfuric acid) and anhydrous acetic acid. After the acetylation process stops, add aquades as hydrolysis process. Then washed the cellulose acetat, dried in an oven, mashed it and filtered with 40 and 60 mesh sieves. The yield of oil palm empty fruit bunches cellulose acetate was 85,16 %. The initial analysis of cellulose and cellulose acetate is the analysis of water and oil absorption with the results of water absorption from cellulose and cellulose acetate is 82,43% and 24,83%, while the absorption of oil from cellulose and cellulose acetate is 10,34% and 8,27 %. The absorption value of water and oil can determine whether cellulose acetate in scrubs can be used for human skin in general that is moist and oily. Followed by the FTIR analysis result shows cellulose acetate has C=O functional group at wavelength 1737,97 cm^-1. Analysis SEM-EDS shows the morphology of cellulose acetate ware more homogeneous and distribution of holes evenly than cellulose and has a dominant composition of carbon (c) and oxygen (O) as organic and biodegradable compounds. The next process, cellulose acetate with variable concentrations of 1, 3 and 5% was mixed in a scrub cream formula. The scrub formula was analyzed periodically by analysis of pH, organoleptic, and stability. From this research, concluded that cellulose acetate from oil palm empty fruit bunch waste can be used as a substitute biodegradable microbeads for making scrub with the best concentration of 5% because it has a lower pH in order to maintain skin resistance to bacterial growth and irritant stimulation. The scrub stability test results includes the total plate count and yeast molds are <10 CFU / gr (the maximum number required by BPOM is ≤10³ CFU / gr).  The scrub products in the form of viscous liquids and have higher cellulose acetate concentrations are useful for accelerating the scrubing process, easier for exfoliate of dirt on skin and dead skin cells.

Abstrak :
Nikel dikenal sebagai salah satu elemen paling umum di dunia dan melimpah di Indonesia, dalam pemrosesannya dihasilkan produk sampingan berupa terak feronikel. Berdasarkan PP 101/2014 tentang pengelolaan limbah B3, terak feronikel tergolong kedalam limbah B3. Studi mengenai pengolahan terak feronikel menjadi hal yang penting untuk dilakukan, adapun pengolahan dilakukan untuk mendapatkan logam berharga yang melimpah pada terak feronikel seperti silika. Silika memiliki berbagai aplikasi, salah satu diantaranya diaplikasikan pada bitumen untuk meningkatkan sifat hidrofobik yang dapat memperkuat umurnya dari kerusakan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengolahan terak feronikel dengan fusi alkali menggunakan Na2CO3 dan pelindian menggunakan air, hasil residu yang didapat dilanjutkan dengan pelindian menggunakan asam stearat dan etanol dengan variabel temperatur dan waktu. Proses dilakukan untuk meningkatkan hidrofobisitas dari silika. Sampel penelitian dilakukan beberapa uji yaitu XRF, SEM-EDS, FTIR, dan uji sudut kontak setelah dicampurkan pada bitumen. Hasil penelitian yang didapat adalah meningkatkan kemurnian dari silika hingga 95,7%, distribusi ukuran partikel pada rentang 2-9 µm, dan hasil sudut kontak terbesar 110,17° pada sampel dengan variabel bebas waktu pelindian 60 menit pada temperatur 60°C. ......Nickel is known as one of the most common elements in the world and abundant in Indonesia, in its processing, ferronickel slag is produced. Based on PP 101/2014 concerning B3 waste management, ferronickel slag is classified as B3 waste. The study of ferronickel slag processing is an important thing to do, while the processing is carried out to obtain valuable metals that are abundant in ferronickel slag such as silica. Silica has various applications, one of which is applied to bitumen to increase its hydrophobic properties which can strengthen its lifetime from damage. In this study, ferronickel slag was processed by alkaline fusion using Na2CO3 and Pelindian using water, the residue obtained was continued by leaching using stearic acid and etanol with temperature and time variables. The process is carried out to increase the hydrophobicity of the silika. The research sample was carried out by several tests, namely XRF, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and contact angle tests after being mixed with bitumen. The results obtained were increasing the purity of silika up to 95.7%, particle size distribution in the range of 2-9 µm, and the largest contact angle of 110.17° in samples with an independent variable leaching time of 60 minutes at a temperature of 60°C.

Abstrak :
Telah berhasil dibangun pembersih permukaan substrat menggunakan metode vortex plasma yang mampu membersihkan kaca preparat yang semula memiliki sifat hidrofobik menjadi hidrofilik setelah dilakukan proses pembersihan. Sifat hidrofobik dan hidrofilik dari suatu permukaan digunakan untuk menyatakan kebersihan permukaan secara kualitatif. Pengamatan sudut kontak dari air yang diteteskan dengan metode sessile drop menyatakan kebersihan permukaan secara kuantitatif. Vortex plasma yang dihasilkan oleh sebuah kumparan sebagai penghasil medan magnet dan elektroda plat tembaga yang diberi beda potensial listrik. Medan magnet yang dihasilkan oleh kumparan dengan 320 lilitan yang diberikan arus DC sebesar 1,92 A adalah 5,42 mT. Dengan durasi waktu pembersihan 10 menit dengan tekanan 2000 micron dapat menghasilkan rata-rata sudut kontak 8 derajat, Sedangkan penggunaan perantara gas argon untuk proses pembersihan mampu menghasilkan rata-rata sudut kontak sebesar 4 derajat. Sudut kontak yang dihasilkan semakin mengecil seiring dengan lamanya waktu pembersihan, baik dengan gas argon maupun tanpa gas argon. Pengujian ini membuktikan bahwa gas argon lebih efektif untuk proses pembersihan dengan vortex plasma. ......A substrate surface cleaner has been successfully built using the plasma vortex method which is able to clean preparate glass which originally had hydrophobic properties to become hydrophilic after the cleaning process. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of a surface are used to describe the surface cleanliness qualitatively. Observation of the contact angle of the water dripped by the sessile drop method states the surface cleanliness quantitatively.Vortex plasma produced by a coil as a generator of the magnetic field and a copper plate electrode which is given an electric potential difference of 30KV. The magnetic field produced by a coil given a DC current of 1.92 A is 5.42 mT. With a cleaning time of 10 minutes with a pressure of 2000 microns, it can produce an average contact angle of 8 degrees, while the use of argon gas intermediary for the cleaning process is able to produce an average contact angle of 4 degrees. The resulting contact angle decreases with the duration of cleaning time, both with argon gas and without argon gas. This test proves that argon gas is more effective for the cleaning process with vortex plasma.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan mengarakterisasi hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) sebagai absorben karbon dioksida menggunakan carvacrol sebagai penerima ikatan hidrogen (HBA) dikombinasikan dengan 1-naphthol atau dodecanoic acid sebagai pendonor ikatan hidrogen (HBD). Pengujian kemampuan absorpsi CO2 oleh DES menggunakan metode volumetrik pada suhu isotermal 40oC dan tekanan 4 – 8 bar. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan DES dengan kemampuan absorpsi CO2 terbaik adalah carvacrol:1-naphthol (4:1) dengan kapasitas absorpsi 0,0179 mol CO2/mol DES pada tekanan absorpsi 7,84 bar. Kinerja DES terbaik tersebut dipengaruhi oleh tekanan absorpsi yang tinggi serta sifat komponen HBD 1-naphthol. Semakin besar tekanan absorpsi maka jumlah CO2 yang terabsorpsi semakin besar. Sifat hidrofobik DES dibuktikan dengan kandungan air DES yang diuji dengan metode titrasi Karl Fischer dan didapatkan hasil kadar air DES lebih kecil dari 1,25%. Dari hasil yang didapatkan DES penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk pemisahan CO2 dalam proses pengolahan gas alam dan tidak berinteraksi dengan air sehingga tidak cepat rusak dan habis. ......This study aims to inspect and characterize hydrophobic DES as carbon dioxide absorbent using carvacrol as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) combined with 1-naphthol or dodecanoic acid as hydrogen bond donor (HBD). The solubility of CO2 in DES were tested using the volumetric method at an isothermal temperature of 40oC and a pressure of 4-8 bar. From this study, it was found that the DES with the best CO2 absorption ability was carvacrol: 1-naphthol (4:1) with an absorption capacity of 0.0179 mol CO2/mol DES at a pressure of 7.84 bar. The greater the pressure, the greater the amount of CO2 absorbed. The hydrophobicity of DES was proven by the water content of DES which was tested by Karl Fischer titration method and the results showed that the water content of DES was less than 1.25%. From the results obtained, DES in this study can be used for CO2 separation in the natural gas processing process which does not interact with water so it is not easily damaged and exhausted.

Abstrak :
Desired higher ship speeds can be achieved using many performance enhancement techniques. One of the techniques is drag reduction of ships’ hulls by imbuing their surfaces with hydrophobic properties This paper presents an alternative method of fabricating micro-riblets using laminate transfer molding to modify painting morphology for micro-riblets’ replication on ships’ hulls. A performance test of these micro-riblets is also performed. The results show that micro-riblets can be replicated from the pattern to the ships’ hulls. The geometries of micro-riblets are verified, which shows good agreement with the pattern. The performance of the fabricated micro-riblets was verified to decrease drag on the ship. As a result, ships’ speeds increased under similar propulsion power. The significant effect of micro-riblets is obtained with these higher speeds.

Abstrak :
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of absorbent flow rate on CO2 absorption through a super hydrophobic hollow fiber contactor. The absorbent used in this study was a physical absorbent, namely a polyethyleneglycol-300 (PEG-300) solution. Meanwhile, the feed gases used in the experiments were pure CO2 and a mixture of 30% CO2 and 70% CH4. Gas absorption using a physical absorbent provides various benefits; for example, it can produce sufficiently high selectivity towards CO2 and it is less corrosive than chemical solvents. Three super hydrophobic hollow fiber contactors, each 6 cm in diameter and 25 cm in lengthconsist of 1000, 3000 and 5000 fibers, respectively, were used in this study. The type ofsuper hydrophobic fiber membrane used was polypropylene-based, with an outer and inner diameter of about 525 and 235 µm, respectively. During the experiments, the absorbent was flowed through the lumen fibers, whilst the feed gas flowed through the shell side of the membrane contactors. The experimental results showed that the mass transfer coefficient, the flux, and the absorption efficiency increased, but the CO2 loading decreased, with increasing absorbent flow rate in the membrane contactor. Meanwhile, it was found that an increase in the number of fibers in the membrane contactor, in general, will increase the absorption efficiency and the CO2 loading, but will decrease the overall mass transfer coefficient and the flux.