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Abstrak :
This paper explores major dispute cases on issues of human life and health handled by wto panels and appellate body.....

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Indicator organisms are used to measure potential fecal contamination of environmental samples. The presence of coliform bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, in surface water is a common indicator of fecal contamination. Caliform bacteria in water samples may be quantified using the most probable number (AFN) method, a probabilistic test which assumes cultivable bacteria meet certain growth and biochemical criteria. If preliminary tests suggest that coliform bacteria are present at numbers in excess of an established cut off(the Caliform Index), fecal contamination is suspected and confirmatory assays such are conducted. Coliform bacteria selected as indicators of fecal contamination must not persist in the environment for long periods of time following efflux from the intestine, and their presence must be closely correlated with contamination by other fecal organisms.

Abstrak :
Karies gigi merupakan masalah kesehatan global dan penyakit gigi yang paling tinggi prevalensinya. Peningkatan masalah penyakit karies gigi di Indonesia masih mengkhawatirkan berdasarkan tren prevalensi pada Riskesdas 2007 sampai 2018, sedangkan Pemerintah telah menetapkan target Indonesia Bebas Karies 2030 untuk kelompok usia 12 tahun. Tren peningkatan prevalensi dan keparahan penyakit karies gigi terjadi pada semua umur, karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah meneliti tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengalaman karies di Indonesia melalui data populasi Indonesia dengan pendekatan siklus kehidupan. Metode: Analisis data sekunder dari Riskesdas 2018 berdasarkan kelompok usia menurut WHO, yaitu kelompok usia 5, 12, 15, 35-44 dan 65-74 tahun. Hasil: Besar sampel untuk masing-masing kelompok usia adalah 668, 690, 649, 8123 dan 2602 subjek. Prevalensi penyakit karies gigi pada masing-masing kelompok usia adalah 93,4%, 68,8%, 68,1%, 92,1% dan 95,2%. Faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pengalaman karies pada kelompok anak dan remaja, adalah variabel persepsi tentang masalah kesehatan gigi, dengan nilai asosiasi Odds Ratio (OR) berkisar antara 3,066 sampai dengan 11,714. Faktor sosioekonomi dan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan gigi juga menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna dengan pengalaman karies anak dan remaja. Faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pengalaman karies pada kelompok dewasa adalah jenis kelamin (OR=2,007;95%CI 1,703-2,366). Sedangkan untuk kelompok lansia, faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pengalaman karies adalah faktor kecukupan tenaga dokter gigi di puskesmas pada tingkat provinsi (OR=1,626;95%CI 1,069-2,475). Faktor merokok aktif menunjukkan asosiasi yang kuat (OR>1; p<0,05) di kelompok dewasa dan lansia.  Kesimpulan: Faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap pengalaman karies berbeda pada setiap kelompok usia. Hal ini berimplikasi pada program pencegahan penyakit karies gigi. ......Dental caries is a global health problem and the highest prevalence of dental disease. The increase in the problem of dental caries in Indonesia is still worrying based on the prevalence trend in Riskesdas 2007 to 2018, while the Government has set the 2030 Caries-Free Indonesia target for the 12 year age group. The trend of increasing prevalence and severity of dental caries occurs at all ages, therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence the caries experience in Indonesia through Indonesian population data with a life cycle approach. Methods: Analysis of secondary data from Riskesdas 2018 based on age groups according to WHO, namely age groups 5, 12, 15, 35-44 and 65-74 years. Results: The sample sizes for each age group were 668, 690, 649, 8123 and 2602 subjects. The prevalence of dental caries in each age group was 93.4%, 68.8%, 68.1%, 92.1% and 95.2%, respectively. The most influential factor on the caries experience in the group of children and adolescents is the variable perception of dental health problems, with the association value of Odds Ratio (OR) ranging from 3.066 to 11.714. Socioeconomic factors and utilization of dental health services also showed a significant relationship with the caries experience of children and adolescents. The most influential factor on the caries experience in the adult group was gender (OR=2.007; 95%CI 1.703-2.366). As for the elderly group, the most influential factor on caries experience was the adequacy of dental personnel at Public Health Centre at the provincial level (OR=1,626; 95%CI 1.069-2.475). The active smoking factor showed a strong association (OR>1; p<0.05) in the adult and elderly groups. Conclusion: The factors that influence the caries experience are different in each age group. This has implications for the dental caries prevention program.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Surabaya was one of the important cities in the Netherlands Indies since the nineteenth century. However as a coastal city, which had many potential plantations, busiest business districts & port, naval based, and defense area. Surabaya also faced annual flood problem in rainy season. So what were the cause and the impact of the flood problem in Surabaya? What was the Dutch colonial government done to overcome flood an its impact? What was the Dutch motive on its efforts? This paper would like to know the Dutch colonial.s flood control in Surabaya city from 1906 to 1942 and its motivation. As a historical study, this paper uses the colonial literature study that is started from the colonial period. Finally, flood control was necessary for Surabaya where many ethnics and important economic activities based which needed good infrastructures and healthy environment. Therefore, flood as the source of diseases and inconvenience had to be eradicated from the influential city.