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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh karakteristik individu, rumah tangga, dan pasangan terhadap kontribusi perempuan pada anggaran rumah tangga dengan menggunakan data Susenas 2012. Hasil regresi Tobit menunjukkan bahwa perempuan yang berasal dari status ekonomi tingkat bawah berkontribusi lebih besar pada anggaran rumah tangga. Selain itu, preferensi pada perempuan dalam hal mengurus rumah tangga berhubungan positif dengan kontribusi perempuan pada anggaran rumah tangga. Sebaliknya, jumlah anak dalam rumah tangga berhubungan negatif dengan kontribusi perempuan pada anggaran rumah tangga. Ditemukan pula bahwa faktor terkuat yang memengaruhi kontribusi perempuan pada anggaran rumah tangga adalah status pekerjaan perempuan di sektor formal.

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This study analyzes the effect of individual, household and spouse characteristics on women?s contribution on household expenditure. Applying Tobit regressions using 2012 Susenas data, it is found that female from low level of status economic contributes more to household expenditure. Preference for female in housework is positively related to female?s contribution on household expenditure. On the contrary, number of children in household negatively related to female's contribution on household expenditure. It is also found that women?s employment in formal sectors have the strongest effect on their contribution on household expenditure."

"ABSTRAKPNPM Mandiri Perdesaan ditujukkan untuk menanggulangi kemiskinan melalui kemandirian dan melibatkan partisipasi aktif dari masyarakat. Pinjaman bergulir merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang dinaungi oleh PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan untuk mendorong kegiatan ekonomi produktif dari masyarakat miskin.Pada akhir Desember 2015 PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan secara resmi berakhir. Tesis ini meneliti dampak pinjaman bergulir PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan terhadappendapatan usaha dan pengeluaran rumah tangga. Lingkup penelitian adalah di Kecamatan Sukakarya Kabupaten Bekasi. Data sampel 168 individu diperoleh melalui penyebaran kuesioner terhadap 84 peserta pinjaman bergulir (treatment) dan 84 non-peserta (kontrol). Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan pendekatan instrumental variabel. Ditemukan bahwa partisipasi pinjaman bergulir memiliki hubungan yang positif dan tidak signifikan baik terhadap pendapatan usaha maupun terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga. Modal awal, tabungan, jumlah anggota keluarga, status usaha, dan pendidikan tidak tamat SD memberikan pengaruh signifikan pada pinjaman bergulir terhadap pendapatan usaha. Modal awal, tabungan, usia, jumlah anggota keluarga, rasio ketergantungan, gender kepala keluarga, dan pendidikan tidak tamat SD memberikan pengaruh signifikan pada pinjaman bergulir terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga

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ABSTRACTPNPM Rural aim for alleviating poverty through self-reliance and community participation. Revolving loan fund is one of the activity under PNPM Rural to encourage poor's economic productive activity. In the end of December2015 PNPM Rural officially ended. This Thesis research the impact of PNPMRural revolving loan fund income enterprise and household expenditure. Thescope of the research is in Sub District Sukakarya Bekasi. Sample data 168individual gather through questionnaires to 84 revolving loan fund participant(treatment) and 84 non-participant (control). Quantitative method used to estimate the impact with instrumental variable approach. The result show that revolving loan fund participation has positive and insignificant effect to income enterprise and household expenditure. Initial capital, saving, household size, business status, and do not completed primary education status has significant impact on revolving loan fund through income enterprise. Initial capital, saving, age, household size, dependency ratio, household head gender, and do not completed primary education status has significant impact on revolving loan fund through household expenditure"

"Using information on household expenditure from the l994Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (l 994 lDl?lS). it is found that thereis substantial variation in the level and distribution of household expenditurein indonesia. Most households in Indonesia spend more money each month forfood than non-food items. In addition. poorer provinces (as measured by totalmonthly household expenditure levels) tend to have greater inequality in thedistribution of wealth. However, in general Indonesia's is not typified by majorregional variations in the equality of household expenditure. Households withhigh expenditure levels are more likely to use contraception than householdswith low expenditure levels. In terms of individual methods, women residingin wealthier households are more likely to be using injectables and femalesterilization, which suggest that poor accessibility and the cost of thesemethods may be discouraging use among poorer women. However, implantprevalence is greater in households with lower spending levels: while pills.lUDs, condoms, and male sterilization do not have clear patterns ofassociation with household expenditure levels. As has been noted in previousstudies, poorer households rely more on public sector reproductive healthservices (family planning, prenatal and delivery services). Households withhigh expenditure levels rely more upon private hospitals. pharmacy/drugstores, private doctors and private family planning' clinics for their familyplanning care. Households with the lowest expenditure levels rely primarilyupon fieldworkers/PKLB, mobile units, traditional healers/dukuns,government health centers (puskesmas), and government health posts(posyandu). It is important to note that private sector social marketingprograms designed to offer methods through commercial outlets have beenless readilv utilized by Indonesia 's poorer households. Continuing efforts areneeded to ensure that poorer households are able to gain access to familyplanning services. primarily through lower cost public sector providers andsegmented commercial distribution systems."