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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Peralatan penukar panas tipe shell and tube merupakan peralatan yang berfungsi untuk mentransfer panas di antara dua atau lebih fluida. Di industri pengolahan minyak, peran peralatan ini sangatlah penting. Kegagalan pada alat penukar panas akan berdampak terhadap keandalan, ketersediaan, dan keamanan peralatan secara keseluruhan, yang pada akhirnya dapat menyebabkan kerugian finansial. Oleh karena itu, penyelidikan perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui akar penyebab kegagalan tabung penukar panas, sehingga kegagalan yang serupa tidak terulang kembali di kemudian hari. Penyelidikan dilakukan pada bagian shell dan tube yang meliputi pengamatan lapangan, pengukuran dimensi, pengamatan visual, serta melakukan pengujian tidak merusak menggunakan die penetran.

Dari pengamatan pada bagian shell, tidak tampak ada tanda kerusakan pada bagian luar maupun dalam, sedangkan pengamatan pada bagian tube tampak tanda kerusakan sehingga dilakukan pengujian metalografi dengan mikroskop optik dan pemindaian mikroskop elektron, dan analisis komposisi kimia.

Hasil analisis menyimpulkan bahwa akar penyebab kegagalan pada tube adalah karena retak korosi retak tegang (stress corrosion cracking), yang disebabkan oleh kombinasi dari lingkungan kerja asam dan tegangan tarik.

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ABSTRACT
Shell and tube type heat exchanger is the equipment that functioned to transfer heat between two or more fluids. In the oil processing industry, the role of this equipment is very important. Failure of the heat exchanger will have an impact on the overall reliability, availability and safety of the equipment, which in turn can cause financial losses. Therefore, an investigation needs to be carried out to find out the root cause of the failure of the heat exchanger tube, so that similar failures do not recur in the future. Investigations were carried out on the shell and tube sections which included field observations, dimensional measurements, visual observations, as well as non-destructive testing using die penetrants.

From observations on the shell, there were no visible signs of damage either on the outside or inside, while observations on the tube showed signs of damage so metallographic testing with optical microscop and scanning electron microscop, and chemical composition analysis were carried out.

The results of the analysis concluded that the root cause of failure in the tube is due to stress corrosion cracking, which is caused by a combination of acid working environment and tensile stress.

Abstrak :
The enhancement of heat transfer performance in heat exchanger is achieved by reducing the size of the hydraulic diameter or by using a working fluid that has a better thermal conductivity compared to conventional working fluids. The application of a small hydraulic diameter can be found in the microchannel heat exchanger (MCHE). The design and the testing of the MCHE were done in this research. The MCHE was tested with several working fluids, such as the distilled water, the Al2O3-water nanofluids at 1%, 3% and 5% volume concentration, and the SnO2-water nanofluids at 1% volume concentration. The temperature of inlet and outlet were set at 50o C and 25o C, respectively. The variations of flow rate at the inlet were applied from 100 ml/min up to 300 ml/min. The addition of nanoparticle in the base fluid was proven to improve the heat transfer of the MCHE, the 5% Al2O3-water and 1% SnO2-water nanofluids are able to absorb the heat 9% and 12% higher than the base fluid. The overall heat transfer coefficient of MCHE with 5% Al2O3-water and 1% SnO2-water nanofluids were 13% and 14% higher than the base fluid.

Abstrak :
Diantara peralatan yang digunakan untuk pemakaian energi salah satunya adalah Heat Exchanger (Alat Penukar Kalor). Perkembangan Heat Exchanger selling dengan perkembangan pembangunan industri seperti industri pupuk, industri perminyakan, industri makanan, industri tekstil, industri kimia dan lain-lain. Untuk menggairahkan industri produk heat exchanger dalam negeri pada era sepuluh tahun mendatang (tahun 2006) diperlukan adanya suatu pendekatan untuk manilal prospek produk dan pasarnya. Dalam melihat kondisi produk heat exchanger tersebut peninjauannya dibutuhkan begitu banyak unsur-unsur yang terkait. Namun dalam tinjauan penilaian disini hanya memakai metode forecasting jenis judgement, dimana datanya berdasarkan data impor dan data ekspor heat exchanger serta data pemakaian heat exchanger dibeberapa Industri. Kenyataannya kebutuhan heat exchanger di Indonesia pada periode tahun 1989-1996 masih mengimpor relatif besar dari 24 negara. Adapun jumlah impor tertinggi pada priode 1992 berjumlah 12.619 ton dengan nilai 133,6 juta dolar US, dimana negara pengimpor terbesar adalah Jepang, Korea Selatan, USA, Italia. Meskipun ada pabrlk yang mengelola industri heat exchanger dalam negeri sebanyak 27 perusahaan dengan kapasitas produksi terpasang lebih kurang 2.675 ton/tahun, sedangkan kebutuhan kandungan materialnya 87% masih impor. Untuk sepuluh tahun mendatang (tahun 2006) kebutuhan heat exchanger masih terus berkembang pesat, sehingga kebutuhan sumber daya manusia, teknologi, serta material sangat perlu ditingkatkan untuk menyerap pasar dalam negeri kita sendiri. ...... One of the equipment used for energy consumption is heat exchanger. The development of heat exchanger Is in line with growing of industry development such as fertilizer industry, oil industry, food industry, textiles Industry, chemicals industry and so on. To enthusiasm the industry for heat exchanger product in domestic in the next ten years era (year 2006) to be required any approach to evaluate the product and Its market prospects. To see the condition of the heat exchanger product that the reviewed to be needed so many concerned elements. Although, In review of this evaluation here duly use forecasting method of judgment type, where its data Is based on import and export data heat exchanger and application data of it in several industrials. In reality, the need for heat exchanger in Indonesia for the period of 1989 - 1996 still most relatively import from 24 countries. There is the highest import amount in the period of 1992 is 12.619 tons with value of 133,6 millions dollar US, which the largest imported countries are Japan, South Korea, USA, Italy. However there is a factory which processed the heat exchanger industry in domestic of 27 companies with power capacity at last 2.675 ton/year, while the demand for containing its material of 87% still imported. For the next ten year (year 2006) the demand for heat exchanger still rapid growth, so that the demand for human resources, technology, and material is necessary to be enhanced to absorb our domestic market.