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"Since 2004, graphene has risen in popularity owing to its superior properties. However, limits to the scale of production methods have rendered graphene a costly material. Moreover, existing production methods require chemicals that are detrimental to the environment. This study uses Coconut Coir Dust (CCD) as a carbon precursor and an intermediate product in the manufacturing of graphene. Firstly, CCD sieved into a 100 mesh was carbonized using a hydrothermal method at temperatures of 235oC, 250oC, and 265oC, for 4 hours. Following this, the resulting solid residue was pyrolyzed at 1000oC for 2 hours under the protection of nitrogen (N2). The hydrothermal solid residue was labelled CHT (hydrothermal temperature) and the pyrolysis product was named as SP (hydrothermal temperature). Both samples were characterized using SEM, XRD and EDS. In addition, Raman characterization was conducted for SP samples. At the end of the process (SP), the XRD pattern showed two broad peaks centered around 2? ~24o and 44o corresponding to a (002) and (100) graphite plane. This pattern is similar to that of reduced-graphene oxide. SEM images showed a sheet-like microstructure is caused by undegraded lignin. A perforated and corrugated sheet formed after pyrolysis, which subsequently confirms the formation of reduced-graphene oxide. Furthermore, the Raman result indicates that higher hydrothermal temperatures lead to an increasing integrated ID/IG ratio. The ratios were 1.62, 1.71 and 1.77, for SP 235, SP 250, and SP 265, respectively. Research results conclude that the carbonaceous material formed through hydrothermal and pyrolytic processes contained a mixture of an amorphous-carbon form and a graphene-like cluster. Results additionally show a similar structure with reduced-graphene oxide."

"Karbon adalah atom yang diubah menjadi material yang sangat berlimpah di dunia. Karbon dapat digunakan menjadi material yang sangat berguna yaitu material pelapis yang digunakan untuk membangun bangunan, material komposit, material pengantar listrik, material penyerap (adsorben), dan lain-lain. Grafit adalah material yang mengandung alotrop karbon. Grafit merupakan material yang sangat berlimpah di dunia. Oleh karena itu, grafit dapat diolah menjadi material yang dipakai pada setiap saat. Oksida grafit memiliki struktur berlapis yang mirip dengan stuktur grafit. Hasil XRD menunjukkan bahwa lapisan grafit yang memiliki lapisan 109 lapisan dikupas menjadi 2 sampai 4 lapisan. Jika lembaran terkelupas yang mengakibatkan karbon hanya mengandung satu lapisan atau beberapa lapisan maka lembaran ini diberi nama menjadi grafena oksida (GO). GO dibuat melalui proses Hummers termodifikasi. GO mudah diproses menjadi grafena oksida tereduksi (rGO). Grafena oksida direduksi oleh glisina, asam askorbat, dan ekstrak lemon sebagai pereduksi hijau. Variasi penelitian grafena oksida tereduksi adalah massa grafena oksida dengan massa pereduksi. Hasil karakterisasi grafena oksida tereduksi adalah hasil ftir grafena oksida tereduksi tidak curam pada berkisar gelombang 3100 sampai 3500 cm-1 yang menunjukkan bahwa ikatan -OH, gelombang 1500-1600 cm-1 yang menunjukkan bahwa ikatan C=C, dan gelombang 1000 sampai 1300 cm-1 yang menunjukkan bahwa ikatan C-O; konsentrasi pereduksi hijau mempengaruhi unsur C yang dikandung di dalam rGO berkisar antara 82,81 sampai 85,33% dan unsur O yang dikandung di dalam rGO berkisar antara 8,60 sampai 14,85%.

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Carbon is an atom that is transformed into the most abundant material in the world. Carbon can be used as a very useful material, namely coating materials used to build buildings, composite materials, electrical delivery materials, absorbent materials, and others. Graphite is a material that contains allotropes of carbon. Graphite is the most abundant material in the world. Therefore, graphite can be processed into materials that are used at any time. Graphite oxide has a layered structure similar to that of graphite. XRD results show that the graphite layer which has a layer of 109 layers is peeled off into 2 to 4 layers. If the sheet peels off causing the carbon to contain only one layer or several layers then this sheet is named graphene oxide (GO). GO is made through a modified Hummers process. GO is easily processed into reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Graphene oxide was reduced by glycine, ascorbic acid, and lemon extract as a green reducing agent. The results of the characterization of reduced graphene oxide showed that the results of the reduced graphene oxide were not steep in the wave range of 3100 to 3500 cm^-1 which indicated that the -OH bond was present, the wave was 1500-1600 cm^-1 which indicated that the bond was C=C, and the wave was 1000 to 1300 cm^-1 which indicates that the C-O bond; The green reducing concentration affects the C elements contained in rGO ranging from 82.81 to 85.33% and the O elements contained in rGO ranging from 8.60 to 14.85%."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat dan meng grafena oksida tereduksi (rGO) menggunakan glisina. Perbandingan massa grafena oksida (GO) dan glisina yang dipakai divariasikan dengan perbandingan 1:2 dan 2:3 (b/b). Grafit, GO dan rGO dicirikan menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Hasil uji grafena oksida tereduksi (rGO) yang sudah dibuat melalui proses reduksi pakai glisina menunjukkan bahwa grafik FTIR tidak curam pada 3319 cm-1 yang menunjukkan ikatan -OH dan 694 cm-1 yang menunjukkan ikatan C-O.

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This study aims to prepare and prepare reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using glycine. The mass ratio of graphene oxide (GO) and glycine used was varied with a ratio of 1:2 and 2:3 (w/w). Graphite, GO and rGO were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The test results of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) which has been prepared through the reduction process using glycine shows that the FTIR graph is not steep at 3319 cm-1 which indicates -OH bonds and 694 cm-1 which indicates C-O bonds."

"Bambu merupakan sumber daya alam terbarukan yang dapat menyediakan banyak hal seperti sumber energi apabila siklus penanaman dan penggunaannya dijadwalkan dengan benar. Dalam penelitian ini, bambu digunakan sebagai sumber daya alam untuk proses preparasi grafit yang selanjutnya digunakan dalam sintesis oksida grafena tereduksi dengan metode hummer. Metode Hummer mengoksidasi grafit dengan cara mereaksikan grafit dengan kalium permanganat, sodium nitrat dalam larutan asam. Oksida grafena tereduksi (rGO) ini telah menarik minat yang besar karena banyaknya penggunaannya dalam berbagai aplikasi. Salah satu aplikasinya adalah lapisan anti korosi yang sangat baik untuk baja ringan yang digunakan dalam air laut. Dalam penelitian ini, hasil sintesis oksida grafena tereduksi dikarakterisasi menggunakan difraksi sinar-X (XRD) untuk menganalisis struktur kristal dan mikroskop elektron (SEM) untuk melihat morfologi permukaan. Selanjutnya, kinerja oksida grafena tereduksi sebagai pelapis anti korosi pada baja ST41 di lingkungan air laut diuji menggunakan uji polarisasi dan uji kehilangan berat. Hasil uji polarisasi pada baja ST41 yang dilapisi oksida grafena tereduksi hasil sintesis memiliki densitas arus korosi lebih rendah, icor, 3,08960 µA/cm2 jika dibandingkan dengan baja ST41 yang tidak dilapisi dengan densitas arus korosi, icor, 10,4270 µA/cm2. Ini menunjukkan bahwa lapisan rGO pada baja ST41 meningkatkan ketahanan korosi. Efisiensi proteksi korosi dari baja ST41 yang dilapisi rGO hasil sintesis adalah 70,36%, dan laju korosinya adalah 0,03589 mm/tahun dibandingkan dengan 0,12110 mm/tahun untuk baja ST41 tanpa dilapisi rGO. Hasil uji kehilangan berat menunjukan efisiensi proteksi baja ST41 dilapisi rGO hasil sintesis adalah 70,73%.

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Bamboo is a renewable natural resource that can provide many things such as source of energy, if the plantation cycles and its usage is properly managed. In this research, the use of bamboo as a natural resource for graphite preparation process, which then can be used as a precursor for synthesizing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via Hummer’s method. The Hummer’s method oxidizes graphite by reacting graphite with potassium permanganate and sodium nitrate in an acid solution. This rGO has attracted intense interest for its many uses in various applications. One of the applications is its excellent potential anti-corrosion prevention for mild steel used in saline water. In this work, the results of reduced graphene synthesis were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystal structure analysis and electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology. Furthermore, the performance of reduced graphene as an anti-corrosion coating on mild steel ST41 in the seawater environment was tested using electrochemical measurement and weight loss. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coated on ST41 mild steel showed much lower corrosion current, Icorr, 3.08960 µA/cm2, when compared to 10.4270 µA/cm2 for bare ST41 mild steel indicating that rGO film on ST41 mild steel exhibits enhanced corrosion resistance. The corrosion protection efficiency of synthetic rGO-coated ST41 mild steel was 70.36%, and the corrosion rate was 0,03589 mm/year compared to 0,12110 mm/year for ST41 mild steel without rGO-coated. The results of the weight loss test showed that the protection efficiency of rGO-coated ST41 mild steel was 70.73%. "