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"Studi ini meneliti pengaruh risiko geopolitik global terhadap investasi perusahaan energi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) pada periode 2014–2024. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan panel data dengan model efek tetap (fixed effects) untuk menguji hubungan antara risiko geopolitik dan keputusan investasi korporasi. Risiko geopolitik dibedakan menjadi dua jenis, yaitu geopolitical threat (GPRT) dan geopolitical act (GPRA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa GPRA memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap investasi perusahaan energi, sedangkan GPRT berpengaruh negatif secara signifikan. Temuan juga menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik spesifik perusahaan berupa kemampuan kredit komersial secara statistik memoderasi hubungan antara GPRA dan investasi secara negatif, namun tidak signifikan memoderasi GPRT. Setelah melakukan serangkaian robustness test, hasil penelitian tetap konsisten. Studi ini memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam mengenai bagaimana ketidakpastian geopolitik global memengaruhi keputusan investasi perusahaan di sektor energi nasional.

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This study examines the impact of global geopolitical risks on the investment of energy companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2014–2024. Using a panel data approach with a fixed effects model, the research investigates the relationship between geopolitical risks and corporate investment decisions. Geopolitical risks are classified into two types: geopolitical threat (GPRT) and geopolitical act (GPRA). The results show that GPRA has a positive and significant effect on energy company investment, whereas GPRT has a significantly negative effect. The findings also indicate that firm-specific characteristics, particularly commercial credit capability, significantly moderate the relationship between GPRA and investment in a negative direction, but do not significantly moderate the effect of GPRT. After conducting a series of robustness tests, the results remain consistent. This study provides a deeper understanding of how global geopolitical uncertainty influences investment decisions in the national energy sector."

"This work advances geopolitical economy as a new approach to understanding the evolution of the capitalist world order and its 21st century form of multipolarity. Neither can be explained by recently dominant approaches such as U.S. hegemony or globalization: they treat the world economy as a seamless whole in which either no state matters or only one does. Today's BRICs and emerging economies are only the latest instances of state-led or combined development. Such development has a long history of repeatedly challenging the unevenness of capitalism and the international division of labour it created. It is this dialectic of uneven and combined development, not markets or imperialism, which has spread productive capacity around the world. It also ensured that the hegemony of the UK would end and attempts to create that of the US would peter out into multipolarity. Part two of this book paves the way, advancing Geopolitical Economy as a new approach to the study of international relations and international political economy. Following on from the theoretical limitations exposed in Part I, in this volume the analytical limitations are explored. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh risiko geopolitik terhadap struktur modal perusahaan manufaktur di Indonesia dengan mempertimbangkan peran moderasi keberagaman gender dalam dewan komisaris. Sampel yang digunakan mencakup 65 perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2018–2023. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan regresi panel data dengan metode Fixed Effects yang dikoreksi menggunakan clustered robust standard errors untuk mengatasi autokorelasi dan heterokedastisitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa risiko geopolitik memiliki pengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap leverage perusahaan, mengindikasikan bahwa perusahaan cenderung mengurangi ketergantungan pada utang di tengah peningkatan ketidakpastian geopolitik. Namun, keberagaman gender dalam dewan komisaris tidak terbukti secara signifikan memoderasi hubungan ini. Hasil ini menegaskan pentingnya strategi konservatif dalam pengelolaan keuangan perusahaan saat menghadapi risiko eksternal yang meningkat.

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This study aims to examine the effect of geopolitical risk on the capital structure of manufacturing firms in Indonesia, incorporating the moderating role of gender diversity on corporate boards. The sample consists of 65 manufacturing firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018 to 2023. The analysis employs a panel data regression approach using Fixed Effects models corrected with clustered robust standard errors to address issues of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity. The findings indicate that geopolitical risk significantly negatively impacts firms' leverage, suggesting that firms reduce their reliance on debt in response to increasing external uncertainty. However, gender diversity on corporate boards does not significantly moderate this relationship. These results underscore the importance of adopting conservative financial strategies amid rising external risks. "