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Abstrak :
Mobilitas ulang alik (commuting) telah menjadi fenomena global di seluruh kota-kota metropolitan di dunia termasuk Indonesia. Kegiatan perekonomian/bisnis cenderung berada di pusat kota, mengharuskan mereka bermobilitas (commuting) untuk bekerja. Mereka berhadapan kemacetan/kepadatan, polusi, durasi commuting yang panjang, hal ini diperberat buruknya sistem transportasi publik. Pada perempuan kondisi tersebut menjadi permasalahan tersendiri, dikarenakan perempuan bekerja tidak serta merta dapat melepaskan peran domestiknya. Tujuan studi ini menganalisis apakah commuting berkaitan dengan kualitas hidup komuter, dan apakah peran gender memodifikasi pengaruh commuting terhadap kualitas hidup komuter. Studi ini menggunakan data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) pada tiga Kawasan Metropolitan di Indonesia, yaitu Jabodetabek tahun 2014, Mebidang dan Sarbagita tahun 2015. Sampel studi: Pekerja komuter berusia 15-65 tahun di wilayah tersebut dengan kriteria eksklusi adalah commuting dengan berjalan kaki/bersepeda (active commuting). Untuk memperkaya studi ini dilakukan studi kualitatif. Temuan studi ini membuktikan adanya commuting paradox pada komuter, perempuan memiliki pola commuting yang khas multi-trips dan multi-destinatios. Temuan lain studi pola commuting berhubungan negative dengan kualitas hidup lebih baik belum dapat dibuktikan. Peran gender berpengaruh terhadap negative terhadap kualitas hidup komuter. Selain itu efek commuting terhadap kualitas hidup berbeda menurut kewilayahan. Beberapa rekomendasi studi ini bahwa beban commuting harus diminimalisir dengan mengembangkan sistem transportasi public yang handal dan humanis dan ramah perempuan, serta dan juga mendorong penggunaan transportasi massal lewat dengan kampanye dari perspektif kesehatan masyarakat. ......Commuting has become a global phenomenon in various metropolitan cities in the world including Indonesia. Economic and business activities tend to be located in the city center has requires people live suburb area to commute to work. The people facing several problems such as traffic, pollution, long duration of commuting also poor transportation system. For women, this condition becomes a real problem, because women have dual role within the households. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether commuting have an impact for the quality of life of commuters, and whether gender roles also influence of commuting on the quality of life. This study uses 2015 and 2014 Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) data on three municipality in Indonesia, namely Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok Tangerang and Bekasi) and Mebidang (Medan, Binjai, dan Deli Serdang) and Sarbagita (Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar dan Tabanan). Sample study: Commuter workers aged 15-65 years within three municipality with exclusion criteria are walker and people whose work by cycling (active commuting). To enrich this study a qualitative study was conducted. The findings of this study prove the existence of commuting paradoxes in commuters, women have a commuting pattern that is typical of multi-trips and multi-destinations and commuters with minor gender roles have a better quality of life. In addition, the effects of commuting on quality of life differ according to region/area. Some recommendations from this study that the burden of commuting must be minimized by developing a reliable public transportation system that is friendly to women, and providing subsidies for low-income commuters, and also encouraging the use of mass transportation through campaigns from a public health perspective.

Abstrak :

Latar Belakang: Identifikasi jenis kelamin memiliki peran penting dalam proses identifikasi individu. Tengkorak merupakan tulang paling dimorfik setelah pelvis, namun pada kasus hanya serpihan tengkorak yang ditemukan mandibula menjadi peran penting dalam identifikasi jenis kelamin karena mandibula adalah bagian tulang tengkorak yang paling kuat, besar dan dimorfik. Tinggi ramus mandibula dapat digunakan untuk penentuan jenis kelamin karena tahap perkembangan, tingkat pertumbuhan, dan durasi pada kedua jenis kelamin berbeda. Identifikasi jenis kelamin dengan tinggi ramus mandibula dilakukan menggunakan metode radiomorfometrik karena pengukuran pada radiograf menunjukkan hasil yang akurat serta teknik yang sederhana dan non-invasif. Tujuan:Menganalisis tinggi ramus mandibula dengan metode radiomorfometrik pada radiograf panoramik digital untuk penentuan jenis kelamin. Metode: Menganalisis radiomorfometrik tinggi ramus mandibula pada 50 sampel radiograf panoramik pria dan 50 sampel radiograf panoramik wanita. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan tinggi ramus mandibula yang menunjukkan bahwa pria memiliki nilai rata-rata lebih tinggi sebesar 59.86 mm sedangkan wanita sebesar 54.86 mm. Nilai akurasi persamaan probabilitas jenis kelamin tinggi ramus mandibula sebesar 70%. Kesimpulan: Tinggi ramus mandibula dengan metode radiomorfometrik pada pria dan wanita dapat digunakan dalam penentuan jenis kelamin. Namun penggunaan tinggi ramus mandibula harus disertai variabel morfologi lainnya karena hanya berperan sebesar 30% dalam penentuan jenis kelamin sehingga tidak cukup akurat.

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Background: Gender identification have an important role in a process of personal identification. Skull is the most dimorphic bone after pelvis, but when in cases only fragmentary bones are found mandibular have an important role in gender identification because it is the strongest, largest and most dimorphic bone of skull. Mandibular ramus height can be used for gender identification because the duration, development and growth pattern in both genders are different. Gender identification with mandibular ramus height was carried out using the radiomorphometric method because measurements on radiographs shows accurate results as well as simple and non-invasive techniques. Aim: To analyze mandibula ramus height with radiomorphometric methods on digital panoramic radiographs for gender identification. Method: By analyzing mandibular ramus height using radiomorphometric methods on 50 male panoramic radiograph samples and 50 female panoramic radiographs samples. Result: There is a difference in mandibular ramus height which indicates that men have a higher mean value of 59.86 mm while women of 54.86 mm. The accuracy value of the probability equation of the mandibula ramus height is 70%. Conclusion: Mandibular ramus height with radiomorphometric methods in men and women can be used in gender identification, but the use of mandibula ramus height must be accompanied by other morphological variables because it only accounts for 30% in gender identification so it is not accurate enough.

Abstrak :
How should we understand transgenderism, especially as it affects children and adolescents? Psychiatric manuals include transgenderism among mental illnesses (Gender Identity Disorder). Such inclusion is relatively recent, and even the words transsexual and transgender were coined only a few decades ago. Yet stories of children with an in-between gender have always been, albeit symbolically, a part of popular culture. Drawing on fairy tales, as well as from personal narratives and clinical studies, this book explains how "Gender Identity Disorder" manifests in children, critically evaluating various clinical approaches and examining the ethical and legal issues surrounding the care and treatment of these youths. The book argues that Gender Identity Disorder is not pathology, and that medicine and society should assist children in expressing themselves, without attempting to force them to adapt to a gender that does not match with their perceived identity."--publisher website.

Abstrak :
The rapid advances in medicine over the last 50 years have totally changed the outlook for children with disorders of sex development (DSD), but there is still much to learn. This book crystallizes the combined experience of a leading dedicated unit over 25 years in delivering expert medical and surgical care to children with DSD in a holistic environment. It documents the most recent advances in the molecular biology and embryology of sex development, and describes each disorder in detail. The clinical presentation and approach to diagnosis are described both for babies and for children presenting later in childhood or at adolescence. The chapters on management highlight all the latest knowledge and include the shared wisdom of the authors on current controversies, such as the timing of surgical treatment. Finally, the authors describe their short-, medium-, and long-term outcomes, which demonstrate the strengths of holistic team management.