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Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Gamma ray log is a logging tool to capture the radioactive level of a rock or formation measured in API units. This logging tool generally has a capability to differentiate between permeable and impermeable layers. Usually the impermeable layer tends to have higher radioactivity compared to the permeable one except for the feldspar bearing formation. In addition, another capability of this logging tool is ti determine the kind of clay mineral by using ratio data between Thorium and Potassium. This laboratory experiment uses Spectral Gamma Ray Equipment at LEMIGAS Routine Core Laboratory. The Quality of gamma ray log measurement is significantly affected by the speed of the conveyor belt. During the experiment, the measurement speed of 30 m/hour is the optimum speed to achieve good quality data and time efficiency with the data amount of 169 points/meter. The result of SGR measurement gives the reading on the content of Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium. The Thorium and Potassium content are compared and plotted in a Quirein graphic which was modified by Schlumberger in 1985. Using this crossplot, we can identify the presence of the Chlorite, Montmorillonite, Kaolinite, Illite, mixed with layer Feldspar, Mica, Glauconite minerals and so on. A case study conducted on Wells A1, A2, A3, and A4 indicated that the result of this crossplot was similar to the measurement using XRD.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Lapangan AAA merupakan lapangan gas yang terdapat pada lingkungan Delta Mahakam, Cekungan Kutai, Kalimantan Timur. Lapangan AAA merupakan bagian dari lapangan gas dengan produksi terbesar di Indonesia yang telah dieksplorasi dan diproduksi lebih dari 40 tahun. Salah satu tahapan penting setelah proses eksplorasi adalah mengaplikasikan metode karakterisasi reservoar untuk pengembangan lapangan. Karakterisasi reservoar dalam penentuan distribusi lithologi dan fluida sangat penting dilakukan untuk mengetahui daerah berprospek ekonomis yang belum ditembus oleh sumur produksi. Pada penelitian ini karakterisasi reservoar yang digunakan adalah metode Analisa AVO dan Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI). Analisis AVO mengunakan data prestack 3D gather dan bantuan velocity cube. Data DTS yang digunakan pada penelitian ini terdapat pada sumur 3A45, 3A50, dan 3A45. Metode Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) dimulai dengan penentuan sudut Chi (X) pada nilai koeffisien korelasi yang maksimum (mendekati nilai 1) dan analisis crossplot untuk menentukan nilai cut-off indikator lithologi dan indikator fluida pada setiap parameter fisika dari data sumur. Hasil analisis menyebutkan bahwa fluida pada daerah penelitian merupakan AVO kelas III. Indikator lihtologi (reservoar dan non reservoar) dapat dipisahkan dengan parameter Gamma Ray (reservoar bernilai 20 – 60 GAPI) dan Density (reservoar bernilai 1.75 – 2.17 g/cc). Sedangkan indikator fluida (gas dan water) dapat dipisahkan dengan parameter Lambda-Rho (gas bernilai 1.5 – 9 Gpa*g/cc), Lambda per Mu (gas bernilai 0.5 – 2.5), Vp per Vs (gas bernilai 1.5 – 2.2), dan Poisson Ratio (gas bernilai 0.16 – 0.35). Hasil inversi Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) pada GTS 3A menyebutkan bahwa inversi Lambda-Rho mempunyai akurasi 78.57% (MFA) dan 85.71% (MFB), inversi Lambda per Mu mempunyai akurasi 50% (MFA) dan 85.71% (MFB), inversi Vp per Vs mempunyai akurasi 71.42% (MFA) dan 71.42% (MFB), Inversi Poisson Ratio mempunyai akurasi sebesar 71.42% (MFA) dan 78.57% (MFB).

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ABSTRACT
AAA field is a gas field that located in Delta Mahakam environment, Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan. AAA field is a part of giant gas field which has biggest production in Indonesia already explored and produced almost over 40 years. One of important steps after exploration of the field is to conduct a reservoir characterization for field development. Reservoir characterization to determine lithology distribution and fluid content is very important to know the prospect area which has economical values and not penetrated yet by infill wells or production wells. Reservoir characterization method that has been used in this study are AVO analysis and Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI). Pre-stack 3D gather data and velocity cube used for AVO analysis in this study. DTS logs only available in 3A45, 3A50, and 3A55. Extended Elastic Impedance method started with determination of Chi (X) angle that has maximum correlation coefficient (near to 1 value) and cross-plot analysis to determine cut-off value for lithology indicator and fluid indicator in each well data parameter. Analysis results show that fluid class in this study is AVO class III. Lithology indicator (reservoir and non reservoir) can be separated by Gamma Ray (value of reservoir between 20 – 60 GAPI) and Density (value of reservoir is between 1.75 – 2.17 g/cc). Fluid indicator (gas and water) can be separated by Lambda-Rho (value of gas is between 1.5 – 9 Gpa*g/cc), Lambda per Mu (value of gas is between 0.5 – 2.5), Vp per Vs (value of gas is between 1.5 – 2.2), and Poisson Ratio (value of gas is between 0.16 – 0.35). Results of Extended Elastic Impedance inversion in GTS 3A show that Lambda-Rho inversion has 78.57% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Lambda per Mu inversion has 50% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Vp per Vs inversion has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 71.42% (in MFB), Poisson Ration has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 78.57% accuracy (in MFB).;AAA field is a gas field that located in Delta Mahakam environment, Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan. AAA field is a part of giant gas field which has biggest production in Indonesia already explored and produced almost over 40 years. One of important steps after exploration of the field is to conduct a reservoir characterization for field development. Reservoir characterization to determine lithology distribution and fluid content is very important to know the prospect area which has economical values and not penetrated yet by infill wells or production wells. Reservoir characterization method that has been used in this study are AVO analysis and Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI). Pre-stack 3D gather data and velocity cube used for AVO analysis in this study. DTS logs only available in 3A45, 3A50, and 3A55. Extended Elastic Impedance method started with determination of Chi (X) angle that has maximum correlation coefficient (near to 1 value) and cross-plot analysis to determine cut-off value for lithology indicator and fluid indicator in each well data parameter. Analysis results show that fluid class in this study is AVO class III. Lithology indicator (reservoir and non reservoir) can be separated by Gamma Ray (value of reservoir between 20 – 60 GAPI) and Density (value of reservoir is between 1.75 – 2.17 g/cc). Fluid indicator (gas and water) can be separated by Lambda-Rho (value of gas is between 1.5 – 9 Gpa*g/cc), Lambda per Mu (value of gas is between 0.5 – 2.5), Vp per Vs (value of gas is between 1.5 – 2.2), and Poisson Ratio (value of gas is between 0.16 – 0.35). Results of Extended Elastic Impedance inversion in GTS 3A show that Lambda-Rho inversion has 78.57% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Lambda per Mu inversion has 50% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Vp per Vs inversion has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 71.42% (in MFB), Poisson Ration has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 78.57% accuracy (in MFB)., AAA field is a gas field that located in Delta Mahakam environment, Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan. AAA field is a part of giant gas field which has biggest production in Indonesia already explored and produced almost over 40 years. One of important steps after exploration of the field is to conduct a reservoir characterization for field development. Reservoir characterization to determine lithology distribution and fluid content is very important to know the prospect area which has economical values and not penetrated yet by infill wells or production wells. Reservoir characterization method that has been used in this study are AVO analysis and Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI). Pre-stack 3D gather data and velocity cube used for AVO analysis in this study. DTS logs only available in 3A45, 3A50, and 3A55. Extended Elastic Impedance method started with determination of Chi (X) angle that has maximum correlation coefficient (near to 1 value) and cross-plot analysis to determine cut-off value for lithology indicator and fluid indicator in each well data parameter. Analysis results show that fluid class in this study is AVO class III. Lithology indicator (reservoir and non reservoir) can be separated by Gamma Ray (value of reservoir between 20 – 60 GAPI) and Density (value of reservoir is between 1.75 – 2.17 g/cc). Fluid indicator (gas and water) can be separated by Lambda-Rho (value of gas is between 1.5 – 9 Gpa*g/cc), Lambda per Mu (value of gas is between 0.5 – 2.5), Vp per Vs (value of gas is between 1.5 – 2.2), and Poisson Ratio (value of gas is between 0.16 – 0.35). Results of Extended Elastic Impedance inversion in GTS 3A show that Lambda-Rho inversion has 78.57% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Lambda per Mu inversion has 50% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Vp per Vs inversion has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 71.42% (in MFB), Poisson Ration has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 78.57% accuracy (in MFB).]

Abstrak :
Potensi hidrokarbon di Lapangan 'OZ', Cekungan Bonaparte belum dimanfaatkan karena risiko pengeboran yang tinggi yang disebabkan oleh heterogenitas reservoir. Karena sifat reservoir yang heterogen, maka dilakukan identifikasi dan karakterisasi untuk melihat sebaran litologi dan fluida reservoirnya. Metode Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) adalah metode utama dalam analisis multi-atribut untuk menemukan hubungan nonlinier antara data seismik dan data sumur di Lapangan 'OZ' dan kemudian menghasilkan model untuk distribusi data sinar gamma, porositas, dan saturasi air dengan nilai koefisien korelasi masing-masing pelatihan sebesar 0,8871, 0,9778, 0,9719 dan koefisien korelasi validasi sebesar 0,7836, 0,8554, 0,8187. Integrasi antara model distribusi data sinar gamma, porositas, saturasi air, ditambah dengan hasil inversi impedansi akustik (AI), dapat menjadi sarana untuk mengklasifikasikan dan mengidentifikasi distribusi reservoir hidrokarbon. Lapangan 'OZ' memiliki karakteristik reservoir yang mengandung gas hidrokarbon dan memiliki litologi batupasir bersih dengan sesar normal sebagai traps serta batupasir rapat dan batuan serpih sebagai seal yang tersebar di bagian Selatan dan Tengah lapangan OZ.
The hydrocarbon potential in the 'OZ' Field, Bonaparte Basin has not been exploited due to the high drilling risk caused by reservoir heterogeneity. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the reservoir, identification and characterization were carried out to see the distribution of lithology and reservoir fluids. The Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) method is the main method in multi-attribute analysis to find a nonlinear relationship between seismic data and well data in the 'OZ' Field and then generate a model for the distribution of gamma ray, porosity, and water saturation data with the respective correlation coefficient values. -each training is 0.8871, 0.9778, 0.9719 and the validation correlation coefficient is 0.7836, 0.8554, 0.8187. The integration between the distribution model of gamma ray data, porosity, water saturation, coupled with the results of acoustic impedance inversion (AI), can be a means to classify and identify the distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The 'OZ' field has reservoir characteristics containing hydrocarbon gas and has a clean sandstone lithology with normal faults as traps as well as dense sandstone and shale rock as seals which are scattered in the Southern and Central parts of the OZ field.

Abstrak :
Jahe merah telah lama dimanfaatkan sebagai salah satu obat tradisional untuk mengurangi peradangan atau inflamasi. Namun, herbal rimpang seperti jahe merah dilaporkan mengandung cemaran mikroorganisme yang relatif tinggi. Sehingga diperlukan metode sterilisasi untuk mendekontaminasi cemaran mikroorganisme tersebut. Iradiasi gamma sering menjadi pilihan untuk dekontaminasi, tetapi belum diketahui dosis yang efektif membunuh mikroorganisme dan tidak mempengaruhi kadar senyawa bioaktif serta aktivitas biologis jahe merah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh iradiasi gamma terhadap cemaran mikroorganisme, kadar senyawa 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol,10-gingerol, dan 6-shogaol serta aktivitas antiinflamasi ekstrak etanol 70% jahe merah. Serbuk rimpang jahe merah terlebih dahulu diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 70% 1:5. Ekstrak jahe merah kemudian diiradiasi dengan dosis 0, 5, 7,5, 10, dan 15 kGy. Evaluasi cemaran mikroba angka lempeng total dan angka kapang khamir dilakukan dengan metode tuang. Evaluasi kadar bioaktif dianalisis dengan metode Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi. Aktivitas antiinflamasi diukur dengan metode penghambatan denaturasi protein BSA dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Efektivitas iradiasi sinar gamma dalam menurunkan angka cemaran mikroorganisme meningkat seiring meningkatnya dosis iradiasi (p<0,05). Kadar bioaktif 6-gingerol menunjukkan kadar yang paling tinggi diantara tiga senyawa bioaktif lainnya. Namun, secara keseluruhan dosis iradiasi gamma yang diberikan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kandungan 6-gingerol,8-gingerol,10-gingerol dan 6-shogaol dalam ekstrak etanol 70% jahe merah (p>0,05). Aktivitas antiinflamasi ekstrak etanol 70% jahe merah juga tidak berbeda signifikan setelah di iradiasi dengan dosis 0-15 kGy (p>0,05). ......Red ginger has long been used as a traditional medicine to reduce inflammation. However, rhizome herbs such as red ginger are reported to contain relatively high levels of contamination by microorganisms. So a sterilization method is needed to decontaminate the microorganisms. Gamma irradiation is often an option for decontamination, but it is not yet known which dose is effective in killing microorganisms and does not affect the levels of bioactive compounds or the biological activity of red ginger. This study aims to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on contamination of microorganisms, levels of compounds 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol, and the anti-inflammatory activity of a 70% ethanol extract of red ginger. Red ginger rhizome powder was first extracted by the maceration method using 70% ethanol at 1:5. The red ginger extract was then irradiated at doses of 0, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 kGy. The evaluation of microbial contamination of the total plate count and yeast mold count was carried out by the pouring method. The evaluation of bioactive levels was analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Anti-inflammatory activity was measured by inhibiting BSA protein denaturation with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The effectiveness of gamma irradiation in reducing the number of microorganisms contaminating the environment increased with increasing irradiation dose (p 0.05). The level of bioactive 6-gingerol showed the highest level among the other three bioactive compounds. However, overall, the dose of gamma irradiation given had no significant effect on the content of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol in the 70% ethanol extract of red ginger (p > 0.05). The anti-inflammatory activity of the 70% ethanol extract of red ginger was also not significantly different after irradiation with dose 0-15 kGy (p > 0.05).