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"Pendahuluan: Asam galat adalah salah satu senyawa aktif yang dapat menyebabkan apoptosis pada sel kanker paru manusia. Aktivitas antikanker paru yang mengesankan dari asam galat mendorong dilakukannya penelitian untuk menguji aktivitas sitotoksik senyawa turunan asam galat (alkil amida galat) terhadap sel kanker paru A549. Metode: Enam senyawa alkil amida galat hasil sintesis, yaitu Senyawa metil amida galat, etil amida galat, butil amida galat, sek-butil amida galat, ters-butil amida galat, dan heksil amida galat diuji aktivitas sitotoksiknya terhadap sel kanker paru A549 dengan metode MTT Proliferation assay. Data yang dihasilkan dianalisa menggunakan analisis regresi linear untuk mendapatkan nilai IC50. Hasil uji aktivitas sitotoksik senyawa alkil amida galat hasil sintesis dibandingkan dengan hasil uji aktivitas sitotoksik asam galat sebagai senyawa asli dan doxorubicin selaku kontrol positif. Hasil: Jika dibandingkan dengan asam galat (IC50: 23.2 μM) dan doxorubicin (IC50: 31.1 μM), keenam senyawa alkil amida galat, yaitu metil amida galat, etil amida galat, butil amida galat, sek-butil amida galat, ters-butil amida galat, dan heksil amida galat memperlihatkan sitotoksisitas yang lebih kuat terhadap sel kanker paru A549 dengan nilai IC50 berkisar dari 5.4 μM hingga 30.0 μM. Kesimpulan: Enam senyawa alkil amida galat berpotensi dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai agen antikanker paru.

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Objective: Gallic acid has shown its potential to induce apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Its impressive anti-lung cancer agent prompted us to conduct research that is aimed to evaluate six alkyl amide derivatives of gallic acid against lung cancer A549 cells.

Methods: six synthesized compounds of alkyl amide gallate, which are methyl amide gallate, ethyl amide gallate, butyl amide gallate, sec-butyl gallate, ters-butyl gallate and hexyl amide gallate, will be evaluated their cytotoxicities agains lung A549 cells by MTT Proliferation assay. Linear regression analysis is used to analyzed the data to generate IC50 value. Cytotoxicity results of alkyl amide gallates will be compared with cytotoxicity result of gallic acid as an original compound and with doxorubicin as positive control.

Results: Compared with gallic acid (IC50 23.2 μM) and doxorubicin (IC50 31.1 μM), six derivatives of aklyl amide gallates (methyl-, butyl-, sec-butyl-, ters- butyl, and hexyl amide gallate) shows better cytotoxic activity against lung A549 cells, with IC50 value range from 5.4 μM to 30.0 μM.

Conclusion: Six compounds of Alkyl amide gallate could be further developed as anti-lung cancer agent."

"Latar Belakang. Endometriosis ditandai dengan pertumbuhan jaringan endometrium di luar uterus, salah satunya disebabkan oleh disregulasi apoptosis sel yang memicu ketahanan sel ektopik. Asam galat dan turunannya pada beberapa penelitian mampu menghambat karsinogenesis pada beberapa cell line kanker. Penelitian kami terdahulu membuktikan asam galat dan turunannya dapat menekan proliferasi sel dan meningkatkan apoptosis sel endometriosis in vitro, namun efeknya terhadap mekanisme jalur apoptosis instrinsik belum di buktikan. Metode. Sel endometriosis berasal dari jaringan endometrium pasien laparaskopi, diisolasi secara enzimatis dan dikultur primer. Sel kultur diberi perlakuan asam galat, heptil galat, oktil galat dengan dosis 51,2 μg/ml, 102,4 μg/ml dan 153,6 μg/ml selama 48 jam, dilanjutkan induksi 10 ng/ml LPS selama 24 jam . Kelompok kontrol hanya di induksi LPS tanpa perlakuan. Ekspresi relatif mRNA Bax, Bcl-2, dan Caspase-3 dinilai dengan qRT-PCR. Hasil. Peningkatan tertinggi ekspresi mRNA Bax dan penekanan tertinggi ekspresi mRNA Bcl-2 pada oktil galat dosis 153,6 μg/ml. Peningkatan ekspresi mRNA Bax, dan penurunan ekspresi mRNA Bcl-2 akan di ikuti dengan peningkatan ekspresi mRNA Caspase-3. Secara statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok perlakuan dengan ekspresi mRNA Bax, Bcl-2, dan Caspase-3 (p > 0,05). Kesimpulan. Oktil galat, asam galat, dan heptil galat memiliki efek potensial pada mekanisme apoptosis intrinsik.

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Background. Endomeriosis characterized by the presence of extrauterine endometrial tissue, one of which caused by disregulation of apoptosis that contribute of endometrial ectopic survival. Our previous research has proven that gallic acid and its derivatives can suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis endometriosis cell in vitro. However, the effect of gallic acid and its derivatives on apoptosis intrinsic pathway mechanism is not proven yet. Method. Endometriosis cell from endometriosis patiens who had undergone laparascopy surgery were isolated by enzimatic reaction and primary cultured. Cultured cells treated by gallic acid, heptyl gallate and octyl gallate each with dosage 51.2 μg/ml, 102.4 μg/ml, 153.6μg/ml for 48 hours, than induced by LPS 10 ng/ml for 24 hours. Parameter research was assessed by qRT-PCR for mRNA expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3. Result. Octyl gallate showed more effect to induce apoptosis intrinsic . Endometriosis cell were treated with octyl gallate shown increases of Bax and Caspase3 mRNA expression than decrease of Bcl-2 mRNA expression. Statistically, mean differences are not significant between treatment groups and mRNA expression (p > 0.05). Conclusion. This study exhibited that octyl gallate has a more potential effect on apoptosis intrinsic in endometriosis cell cultures followed by gallic acid and heptyl gallate and their potency as treatment for endometriosis."

"Latar Belakang: Kanker payudara merupakan jenis kanker invasif yang paling banyak menyerang wanita. Kejadian dan kematian akibat kanker ini tinggi, baik secara global maupun di Indonesia. Subtipe molekuler kanker payudara, terutama kanker payudara triple-negative (TNBC), berperan penting dalam menentukan pilihan pengobatan. Namun, TNBC belum memiliki terapi target khusus dan berpotensi resisten terhadap pengobatan standar. Senyawa alami semakin banyak diteliti sebagai alternatif pengobatan kanker. Asam galat (GA), menunjukkan potensi sebagai antikanker, terutama untuk kanker payudara. Daun Mangifera foetida kaya akan GA dan berpotensi menjadi sumber pengobatan. Metode: Penelitian in-vitro ini menggunakan sel TNBC MDA-MB-231 yang diberi GA murni dan ekstrak daun M. foetida. Setelah nilai IC50 didapatkan, sekuensing RNA dilakukan untuk analisis bioinformatika. Hasil: DEG signifikan setelah pemberian kedua jenis perlakuan. Gen yang mengalami peningkatan ekspresi pada kedua perlakuan sebagian besar terkait dengan respons terhadap stres sel. Gen-gen yang ekspresinya meningkat meliputi MRI1, AKR1B15, NQO1, GSTA3, SRXN1, sedangkan gen-gen yang ekspresinya menurun meliputi ISG15 dan SERPINE1. Analisis jalur menunjukkan adanya pengayaan pada jalur yang berkaitan dengan daur ulang metionin, biosintesis estrogen, respons imun, stres oksidatif, dan kematian sel. Kesimpulan: Baik GA maupun ekstrak M. foetida memengaruhi ekspresi gen pada sel TNBC. Ekstrak M. foetida menunjukkan pengaruh yang lebih besar terhadap beberapa gen yang berkaitan dengan respons stres oksidatif seluler, kemungkinan karena adanya interaksi sinergis dengan metabolit lain dalam ekstrak tersebut

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Introduction: Breast cancer is the most prevalent invasive cancer in women, with high incidence and mortality rates globally and in Indonesia. Molecular subtyping, particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), guides treatment, but TNBC lacks targeted therapies. Chemotherapy with agents like anthracyclines is standard, but with severe side effects and potential resistance. Natural compounds are increasingly explored as alternative anticancer agents. Gallic acid (GA), a phenolic compound, shows promising anticancer activity, especially against breast cancer. Mangifera foetida leaves are a rich source of GA, potentially offering a cost-effective treatment option. Method: This in-vitro study used TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells treated with pure GA and M. foetida leaf extract. IC50 values were determined, and cells were treated at these concentrations. RNA sequencing was performed, followed by bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathway enrichment analysis. Results: Significant DEGs were identified after both treatments. Upregulated genes in both treatments were mainly related to stress response. Upregulated DEGs included MRI1, AKR1B15, NQO1, GSTA3, SRXN1, while downregulated genes included ISG15 and SERPINE1. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment in pathways related to methionine salvage, estrogen biosynthesis, immune response, oxidative stress, and cell death. Conclusion: Both GA and M. foetida extract affected gene expression in TNBC cells, with the extract showing greater effects on several genes linked to stress response, potentially indicating synergistic interactions with other metabolites"