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"Friction Stir Welding (FSW) adalah suatu teknologi pengelasan yang merupakan proses solid-state joining yang bisa digunakan untuk menyambungkan material yang berbeda, karakter awal base material bisa dipertahankan dan juga tidak memerlukan bahan tambah (filler). Distorsi dari hasil proses FSW sangat rendah dikarenakan prosesnya dalam keadaan padat sehingga defleksi setelah pengelasan bisa diminimalisir dengan kekuatan sebanding dengan proses pengelasan lain dan juga dapat diaplikasikan pada material-material yang sulit dilas bila menggunakan metode konvensional atau teknik penyambungan lain seperti solder atau rivet. Tipe sambungan pada FSW yang akan dilakukan adalah tipe Lap Welding dan Spot Welding. Adapun parameter yang akan digunakan adalah kecepatan putaran tool, kecepatan translasi tool (feeding), kemiringan tool saat proses pengelasan, dan desain mata pisau tool. Mesin yang digunakan pada proses ini yaitu mesin CNC tipe adjustable vertical milling machine sehingga hasil tiap langkah proses pengelasan akan seragam Untuk mengetahui kekuatan mekanik dari spesimen maka dilakukan uji kekasaran permukaan (surface rougness) dan uji tarik untuk setiap specimen yang berbeda tiap parameternya. Hasil analisis data dengan menggunakan metode Grafik, Chi Square, dan Response Surfece Methodology (RSM) menunjukkan bahwa setiap parameter yang digunakan pada proses FSW mempengaruhi kekuatan mekanik dan kekasaran permukaan pada material hasil pengelasan.

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Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a welding technology which is a solid-state joining process that can be used to connect different materials. The initial character of the base material can be maintained and also does not require the added material (filler). Distortion of the FSW process is very low due to the process in the solid state so that the deflection after welding can be minimized with the strength compare to other welding processes, FSW can also be applied to materials that are difficult to weld when using conventional methods or other sewing techniques such as Solder or Rivet.

In this study, the type of connection with FSW method are Lap Welding and Spot Welding. The parameters were the tool rotation speed, translational speed of the tool (feeding), the slope of the tool when the welding process, and tool shape. Machine that used in this process was the adjustable CNC vertical milling machine so that the results of each step of the welding process will be uniform. To find the mechanical strength of the performed test specimens surface roughness and tensile test for each different specimens each parameter were investigated.

The results of data analysis using Graph Method, Chi Square, and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) showed that each parameter used in the FSW process influences to mechanical strength and surface roughness of welded materials."

"ABSTRAKPengelasan aluminium terutama pada pelat tipis merupakan hal sulit, dikarenakan tidak dapat menahan panas akibat pengelasan. Teknologi friction stir spot welding yang merupakan solid state welding sehingga dapat mengatasi kerusakan, karena tidak memerlukan temperatur yang tinggi. Lalu teknologi ini diaplikasikan pada pembuatan produk struktur ringan longitudinal square honeycomb corrugated core sandwich panels. Pada penelitian ini mencari pengaruh besar diameter pin dan posisi pengelasan lurus dan zig-zag terhadap kekuatan produk struktur ringan ini. Diperoleh bahwa besar diameter pin berbanding lurus dengan kekuatan produk ini dan jika dilakukan uji tekuk, titik lasan merupakan daerah yang lebih lemah dibandingkan daerah bukan titik lasan.

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ABSTRACTWeld aluminum material especially on thin plate is difficult because it cannot withstand the heat due to welding. Friction stir spot welding which is a solid state welding can overcome this damage because it does not require high temperatures. Then this technology is applied to the manufacture of lightweight structures square longitudinally corrugated honeycomb core sandwich panel product. This study is to determine how the pin diameter and welding position at straight and zig zag position to the strength of the product. Obtained, that diameter of the pin directly proportional to the strength of these product and in bending test, weld spot is an area that is weaker than the other area."

"This book covers the rapidly growing area of friction stir welding. It also addresses the use of the technology for other types of materials processing, including super-plastic forming, casting modification, and surface treatments."

"Micro Friction Stir Spot Welding (m-FSSW) merupakan salah satu jenis solid state welding dengan menggunakan non-consumable tool ber-skala mico thicknes material<1 mm) dan memanfaatkan gesekan serta axial force pada prosesnya. Hasil pengelasan yaitu lap-joint pada satu titik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian Geometril tool terhadap hasil pengelasan, sehingga didapartkan korelasi antara geometri tool, temperature ,perubahan kecepaatn putar, hasil uji tarik geser dan uji hardness . Dimana semakin tinggi pin maka semakin tinggi RPM,temperature dan uji tarik (berbanding lurus) dimana ketinggian pin < plunge dept (600 µm). Namun Pada tool 4 geometri tool memiliki ketinggian pin 650 µm dan diameter 2.540 mm, sehingga membuat RPM masih di putaran tinggi ,temperatur pada suhu yang rendah dan hasil uji tarik yang belum maksimal (penetrasi hanya dilakukan di pin/Shoulder tidak menyentuk spesimen uji). Pada eksperimen ini peak temperatur tertinggi berada pada tool 3 (shoulder 450) dengan temperature 428.44˚C dengan hasil uji tarik geser yaitu 449.66 N (tertinggi). Pada pengujian tarik geser terdapat mode kegagalan diamati selama TS tes, yaitu mode PF (Pulled Out Nugget) pada seluruh hasil lasan dengan menggunakan tool 1 hingga tool 4. Hasil kekerasan pada geometri tool diketahui bahwa semakin tinggi pin maka hardnes akan semakin besar atau selaras dengan temperature yang terjadi. Namun saat temperatur berada pada suhu 400°C , material AA100 mengalami fully aneling sehingga berdampak pada penurunan hardness pada material hasil lasan (Jaehyung Cho ,2010). Pada hasil uji struktur makro (crossection) terdapat daerah Stir Zone (SZ), Thermo-Mechanically Affected Zone (TMAZ), Heat Affected Zone (HAZ),ParentMetal (PM), Hook dan EXTD zone (pada tool 1,2,3).Dimana daerah SZ (stir zone), terjadi rekristalisasi secara penuh (>350°C) sedangkan daerah TMAZ yang mengalami rekristalisasi sebagian akibat adanya panas dan mengalami perubahan sifat mekanik (250°C-350°C). dan untuk daerah HAZ atau daerah yang terpengaruhi panas namun

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Micro Friction Stir Spot Welding (m-FSSW) is a type of solid-state welding using a non-consumable tool with a mico scale (materialthickness < 1mm), using friction and axial force in the process. The result of welding is a lap joint at one point. This study has a correlation between tool geometry, temperature, rotational speed, tensile shear test, and hardness (Vickers) test. Where the higher the pin have higher the RPM, temperature, and tensile shear test (directly proportional) where the pin height < plunge depth (600 m). However, in tool 4 the geometry of the tool has a pin height of 650 m and a diameter of 2.54 mm so that the RPM is still at high rotation, the temperature is at a low temperature and the tensile shear results are not maximized (penetration is only at the pin/shoulder not touching the specimen). In this experiment, the highest peak temperature at tool 3 (shoulder 450) is about 428.44˚C with the results of the shear tensile test being 449.66 N (the highest). In the tensile shear test, get a failure mode, there is PF (Pulled Out Nugget) on all weld results (tools 1 to tool 4). The results of the hardness on the geometry of the tool are known that the higher pin, get the high hardness or proportional with the temperature that occurs. However, when the temperature is was at 400 °C, this material (AA100) had fully annealed and had an impact on decreasing the hardness of the welded material (Jaehyung Cho, 2010). In the macrostructure test results, there are Stir Zone (SZ), Thermo-Mechanically Affected Zone (TMAZ), Heat Affected Zone (HAZ), ParentMetal (PM), Hook, and EXTD zone (on tool 1,2,3). The SZ region (stir zone), where full recrystallization occurs (>350 °C) while the TMAZ region partially recrystallizes due to heat and changes in mechanical properties (250 °C-350 °C). and for the HAZ region or heat-affected region but not recrystallized (<250 °C)."

"ABSTRAKFriction Stir Spot Welding merupakan pengelasan pada solid state welding yangmampu mencegah terjadinya kerusakan pada plat tipis, karena prosesnya tidakmemerlukan temperatur yang tinggi. Two Stage Refilled Friction Stir Spot Welding( TFSSW ) adalah pengelasan tahap kedua yang berfungsi untuk mengisi lubangyang terbentuk pada pengelasan Single Stage FSSW. Penilitan ini mencari pengaruhposisi pengelasan chain straight dan zig zag terhadap kekuatan tekuk dan geserproduk struktur ringan corrugated core sandwich panels pada masing masing jenispengelasan Single Stage FSSW dan Two Stage FSSW. Material yang digunakanyaitu Plat Alumunium AA 1100 dengan ketebalan 0.43 mm. Pengelasanmenggunakan pin diameter 2-4 mm ( pin-shoulder ) pada pengelasan tahappertama, dan pin flat 6 mm pada pengelasan tahap kedua. Diperoleh bahwaPengelasan Two Stage FSSW menghasilkan kekuatan tekuk dan kekuatan geseryang lebih baik dibanding pengelasan Single Stage FSSW. Variasi posisi pengelasanzig zag memiliki kekuatan tekuk yang lebih baik dibanding posisi pengelasan chainstraight. Kekuatan geser pada kedua variasi posisi pengelasan relatif sama.Pengujian tekuk dan pengujian geser menggunakan standar ASTM C393 danASTM C273."

"Progress in the understanding of corrosion and corrosion resistance properties of sintered stainless steels has lead to new applications that benefit from net shape processing and more efficient material utilization."

"This book provides an overview of friction stir welding and friction stir spot welding with a focus on aluminium to aluminium and aluminium to copper. It also discusses experimental results for friction stir spot welding between aluminium and copper, offering a good foundation for researchers wishing to conduct more investigations on FSSW Al/Cu. Presenting full methodologies for manufacturing and case studies on FSSW Al/Cu, which can be duplicated and used for industrial purposes, it also provides a starting point for researchers and experts in the field to investigate the FSSW process in detail. A variant of the friction stir welding process (FSW), friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a relatively new joining technique and has been used in a variety of sectors, such as the automotive and aerospace industries. The book describes the microstructural evolution, chemical and mechanical properties of FSW and FSSW, including a number of case studies."

"Aluminium merupakan salah satu komoditas utama di berbagai industri karena sifatnya yang tahan karat. Namun, lapisan oksida Al2O3 yang timbul pada permukaan aluminium menjadikan aluminium rentan terkena deformasi saat proses pengelasan. Friction stir welding (FSW) merupakan salah satu metode pengelasan yang mampu menjadikan proses pengelasan aluminium menjadi lebih kuat karena mikrostruktur hasil proses pengelasannya yang lebih halus, sehingga laju korosi produk pengelasan juga dapat menurun. Karakteristik laju korosi sampel FSW di observasi pada lingkungan netral (3.5 wt% NaCl), asam (0.5 M H2SO4), dan basa (0.5 M NaOH) dengan metode linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) untuk menganalisis pengaruh proses FSW terhadap sifat korosi pada lingkungan yang berbeda, karakterisasi XRD digunakan untuk menganalisis parameter kristal sampel Base metal (BM) dan FSW. Hasil pengujian korosi menunjukkan peningkatan laju korosi pada lingkungan netral, asam, dan basa secara berturut-turut sebesar -20,75%; 10,54%; dan 4,83%. Kemudian berdasarkan hasil difraksi sinar X menggunakan metode W-H plot diketahui terjadi proses pembesaran parameter ukuran rata-rata kristal dari 437,394 Å menjadi 650,957 Å pada sampel FSW. Tingginya nilai microstrain dan pergeseran dan pelebaran puncak difraksi menjadi indikasi terdapat tegangan sisa pada sampel FSW hasil dari proses pengelasan yang mengurangi sifat ketahanan korosi sampel FSW

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Aluminum is one of the main commodities in various industries because of its corrosion resistance. However, the Al2O3 oxide layers that appears on the aluminum surface makes aluminum susceptible to deformation during the welding process. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a welding method that can make the product of welded aluminum stronger because the microstructure of the welding products is smoother, so that the corrosion rate of welding products can also decrease. The characteristics of the corrosion rate of FSW samples were observed in neutral (3.5 wt% NaCl), acidic (0.5 M H2SO4), and alkaline (0.5 M NaOH) environments using the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) method to analyze the effect of the FSW process on corrosion properties in the different environment, XRD characterization was used to analyze the crystal parameters of the Base metal (BM) and FSW samples. The results of the corrosion test showed an increase in the corrosion rate in neutral, acidic, and alkaline environments, respectively, by 10.54%; -20.75%; and 4.83%. Then based on the results of X-ray diffraction using the W-H plot method, it is known that there is a process of enlargement of the average crystal size parameter from 437,394 to 650,957 in the FSW sample. The high value of microstrain and the shift and broadening of the diffraction peaks are an indication that there is residual stress in the FSW sample resulting from the welding process which reduces the corrosion resistance properties of the FSW sample.

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"Contents : - Recent Developments in Weldability Testing for Advanced Materials - Reactive Air Brazing for High-Temperature Electrochemical Applications - The Effect of High-Temperature Dual Reducing/Oxidizing Gas Conditions on Silver-Based Filler Metal Compositions - Development of Hyper-Interfacial Bonding Process of Ultra-Fine Grained High Strength Steels - Important Lessons Learnt in the Design of Consumables for Welding High Strength Steels - The Development of a Compressive Residual Stress Around a Structural Steel Weld by Means of Phase Transformations - Micro Electron Beam Welding in an SEM - Nd-YAG Laser Micro Welding of Ti-Ni Type Shape Memory Alloy Wire and it’s Corrosion Resistance - The Effect of Surface Tension on Microjoining - Interfacial Reaction Between Sn-8Zn-3Bi and Ni/Au Plating - Room Temperature Lead-Free Soldering of Microelectronic Components using a Local Heat Source - Study for Increasing in the Melting Temperature of Micro Joint using Sn-Ag Solder and Au/Ni-Co Plating - Microstructural Characterization of Eutectic Sn-Au Solder as a Lead-free Solution - Effects of Melt-Pool Geometry and Substrate Orientation on Microstructure Development in Laser Surface Melting of Single Crystal Superalloys - Weldability of Ni-Base Single Crystal Superalloys - Microstructure of Laser Deposited Superalloy RENE 80 on GTD-111 - Designing Sealing Glasses for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - Glass-Ceramics for Sealing Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - Compressive Mica Seals for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - High Temperature Seals for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) - A New Sealing Concept for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - Effects of Surface Microstructure of Copper on Surface Energy after Pulse Nd: YAG Laser Irradiation - Damage Control of Soldering Iron Tip for Lead-Free Solder - Resistance Microwelding of Fine Nickel Wires - Novel Bonding Process Using Ag Nanoparticles - Influence of Bonding Conditions - - YAG Laser and TIG Arc Hybrid Welding Phenomena - Effect of Joint Design on Mechanical Properties of AL7075 Weldment - Properties of Weld Joints of Bake-Hardening Steel for Automobile - Lead-Free Soldering of a Hybrid Microcircuit Package Assembly: A University- Industry Design Project Collaboration - Effect of Ni Addition on Interfacial Reaction between Sn-Cu Solder and Cu Base Metal - Effect of Au Coating Thickness on Interfacial Reaction and Joint Strength of Sn- Ag Based Solders Reflowed on Electroless Ni-P/Au Plated Cu land "