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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Selama tahun 1984 hingga 1995 jumlah kendaraan di Jakarta meningkat dua setengah kali lipat, dari 1.213.352 kendaraan pada tahun 1984 menjadi 3.021.136 pada tahun 1995 (BPS, 1987; 1991 & 1991). Berdasarkan pemantauan BAPEDAL (World Bank, 1994), sekitar 85 % timbal di udara berasal dari lalu lintas kendaraan bensin yang menggunakan timbal (Pb). Laporan World Bank (1994), menunjukkan dari indikator kualitas udara pencemar di daerah perkotaan padat lalu lintas, telah melebihi baku mutu ambien nasional, yaitu timbal, belerang dioksida, dan nitrogen oksida. Timbal adalah bahan beracun yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan manusia, untuk melindungi kesehatan masyarakat, Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia menetapkan kandungan timbal maksimum pada buah dan olahannya sebesar 2,0 mg/kg.Di Jakarta banyak penjual buah-buahan di kios tepi jalan yang berjarak 3-5 meter dari jalan raya. Partikulat gas buang kendaraan yang mengandung timbal lepas ke udara, akan mencemari lingkungan sekitarnya termasuk kios buah beserta buah-buahan dagangannya. Umumnya, penjual tidak menutup buah-buahan dagangannya, sehingga debu udara yang bercampur partikulat timbal gas buang akan mudah mencemarinya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1. Mengetahui pengaruh lama pemaparan buah anggur di kios buah tepi JI. Inspeksi Saluran Kali Malang, Jakarta Timur terhadap kadar cemaran timbal yang diduga dari gas buang kendaraan bermotor. 2. Mengetahui seberapa jauh pengurangan kadar timbal pada buah anggur tercemar dengan pencucian air. Hipotesis penelitian adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Semakin lama buah anggur dijajakan terbuka di kios buah tepi J1. Inspeksi Saluran Kali Malang, Jakarta Timur, akan semakin tinggi kadar timbalnya. 2. Pencucian pada buah anggur terpapar, akan menurunkan kadar timbal cemaran timbal. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan desain Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) untuk perlakuan pemaparan anggur selama 5 hari, setiap hari mulai pukul 06.00 hingga pukul 24.00 WIB; analisis statistik regresi linier sederhana untuk mengetahui kecenderungan lama waktu pamaparan anggur terhadap kadar timbal; digunakan hipotesis Uji F (o,05) untuk menguji apakah ada beda perlakuan pemaparan pada buah anggur antar waktu. Untuk percobaan pengurangan kadar timbal anggur hari ke 5 dengan tiga cara pencucian juga digunakan RAL, digunakan Uji-t (0.05) untuk mengetahui apakah ada beda nyata antar masing-masing perlakuan pencucian. Pengujian kadar Pb dengan metode Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) di laboratorium DNA Rekombinan MTP, Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, Departemen Pertanian di Bogor. Hasil pengujian kadar Pb sampel anggur percobaan dan hasil analisis statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan program Microsoft Excel, adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Rata-rata kadar timbal pada buah anggur yang dipaparkanldipajang di salah satu kios buah JI. Inspeksi Saluran Kali Malang Jakarta Timur dari hari ke 1 hingga hari ke 5 berturut-turut 2,60 ppm; 3,41 ppm; 3,82 ppm; 3,99 ppm; dan 4,18 ppm. 2. Diperoleh persamaan garis regresi Y = 1,5218 + 0,4993 X yang menunjukkan hubungan positip. 3. Penggunaan Uji F dengan tingkat kepercayaan 0,05 terhadap kadar Pb pada anggur karena efek lama pemaparan selama lima hari, diperoleh hasil F hitung 188,4051 > F tabel 5.12 3,1058, maka Ho ditolak, dapat disimpulkan ada perbedaan kadar Pb pada anggur karena perlakuan waktu pemaparan. 4. Uji t untuk data berpasangan, menggunakan tingkat kepercayaan 0,05 terhadap rata-rata kadar Pb pada anggur had ke 5 Vs kadar Pb pada anggur hari ke 5 yang mendapat tiga perlakuan pencucian, diperoleh kesimpulan tidak ada perbedaan rata-rata kadar Pb anggur hari ke 5 setelah dicuci air satu per satu Vs anggur hari ke 5 yang dicuci dengan air mengalir. Sedangkan perlakuan perendaman terhadap kedua perlakuan pencucian lainnya berbeda nyata. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat diambil kesimpulan: Semakin lama buah anggur dijajakan secara terbuka (lebih dari l8 jam) di kios tepi jalan raga, kadar cemaran timbalnya semakin tinggi sehingga melebihi peraturan Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Pencucian dengan air dapat mengurangi kadar timbal pada buah anggur tercemar. Kadar Pb yang tinggi pada buah anggur tersebut, merupakan indikator telah terjadi pencemaran Pb pada bahan pangan yang dijual di tepi jalan. Disarankan agar diberikan penyuluhan kepada pedagang buah, mengenai cara penjualan yang dapat mencegah cemaran timbal dari udara sekaligus memperpanjang masa simpan; kepada pembeli dianjurkan memilih anggur yang relatif segar dan mencucinya sebelum dimakan. Pemerintah agar mengurangi penggunaan bensin kadar timbal tinggi dan kemungkinan penerapan pajak untuk bahan bakar yang potensial mencemari udara, serta membangun sistem angkutan masal.

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ABSTRACT During the first decades of 1980s and 1990s, especially between 1984 and 1996, the number of vehicle in Jakarta had increased about twice and a half, i.e. from 1,213,352 to 3,444,095. Based on BAPEDAL monitoring in 1991, it showed that 85% of lead toxic substance in the air pollution was brought about by the ever more heavy traffic on most of the roads and streets. World Bank reports (1994), showed that the indicators of air pollution quality in the traffic areas had reached more than the national ambient standard, including such substances as sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide, lead, and so on. Lead (Pb) is a toxic substance that recognized as health hazard for humans. In this regard, to protect from lead contamination, the Indonesian Government had decided to set up regulation on lead contained in fruits and its processing. It should be lower than 2.0 mg/kg. In Jakarta, there are lots of fruit-stalls on the sidewalks of the back streets, the distance of which is less than 3 to 5m from the street ways. Lead release coming out from the car exhausts will mix up with the dust flying in the air and spread all over the places, including the fruit-stalls found at the sidewalks. Commonly, the fruits, including the grapes, are freely open or at least not properly wrapped up in plastic papers for hours, so that they tend to be easily reached by the dust blown out of the exhaust gas of the busy traffic on the street sides. The result is that any harmful substances like lead will easily contaminate the grapes and other fruits at the stalls. The purpose this research as follows: How much would the impact of the length exposure be on the probable level of lead accumulation in grapes sold at the sidewalk fruit stalls on JI. Inspeksi Saluran Kali Malang, Jakarta Timur? Would the washing up of the grapes with water significantly reduce the probable lead contaminant in them? The hypotheses based on the problems above can. be formulated as follows: The longer the exposure of the grapes as displayed at the sidewalk fruit stalls on JI. Inspeksi Saluran-Kalimalang, Jakarta Timur the higher the level of lead accumulation will be. The washing up of the grapes displayed as such will significantly reduce the level of lead contaminant. In order to provide an objective account for the tendency of the length of exposure that causes the probable lead contamination upon grapes on the spot, a linear regression statistic analysis was used. The data gathered for the purpose were taken out through a random sampling of the experimented grapes, sold at the stalls during the 1st day up to the 5th day of exposure. Whereas to get the answer to the question whether or not In Jakarta, there are lots of fruit-stalls on the sidewalks of the back streets, the distance of which is less than 3 to 5m from the street ways. Lead release coming out from the car exhausts will mix up with the dust flying in the air and spread all over the places, including the fruit-stalls found at the sidewalks. Commonly, the fruits, including the grapes, are freely open or at least not properly wrapped up in plastic papers for hours, so that they tend to be easily reached by the dust blown out of the exhaust gas of the busy traffic on the street sides. The result is that any harmful substances like lead will easily contaminate the grapes and other fruits at the stalls. The purpose this research as follows: 1. How much would the impact of the length exposure be on the probable level of lead accumulation in grapes sold at the sidewalk fruit stalls on JI. Inspeksi Saluran Kali Malang, Jakarta Timur? 2. Would the washing up of the grapes with water significantly reduce the probable lead contaminant in them? The hypotheses based on the problems above can be formulated as follows: 1. The longer the exposure of the grapes as displayed at the sidewalk fruit stalls on Jl_ inspeksi Saluran-Kalimalang, Jakarta Timur the higher the level of lead accumulation will be. 2. The washing up of the grapes displayed as such will significantly reduce the [evel of read contaminant. In order to provide an objective account for the tendency of the length of exposure that causes the probable lead contamination upon grapes on the spot, a linear regression statistic analysis was used. The data gathered for the purpose were taken out through a random sampling of the experimented grapes, sold at the stalls during the '1st day up to the 5th day of exposure. Whereas to get the answer to the question whether or not Conclusion: The longer the exposure of the grapes as displayed at the sidewalk fruit stalls (longer than 18 hours), the higher the level of lead accumulation will be over the standard maximum tolerable of the Department of Health. The way of washing the grapes diminish the level of lead contaminant. The high lead level in grapes is an indicator of air pollution into the foods sold at the road side. Recommendation: It is suggested that guidance be given to the grape sellers at the sidewalk stalls on the way exposing the grapes sold in order to avoid probable lead contaminant caused by air pollution as well as to prolong shelf life; it is recommended that the grape consumers choose fresher grapes as for as possible and wash them up before consuming_ It is also hope that the Government would phase out any remaining of lead additives in gasoline and the possibility of the applying the tax for gasoline of air pollution potency, and developing mass transportation.

Abstrak :
Makanan merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar pada manusia, sehingga makanan harus aman untuk dikonsumsi. Penyakit bawaan makanan adalah suatu penyakit yang ditimbulkan oleh makanan yang terkontaminasi oleh mikroorganisme pathogen. Makanan jajanan merupakan salah satu hasil produk dari tempat pengolahan makanan dan banyak dijumpai di lingkungan sekitar sekolah serta umumnya rutin dikonsumsi oleh sebagian besar anak usia sekolah. Selain mempunyai peran yang menguntungkan makanan jajanan mempunyai risiko untuk menimbulkan masalah kesehatan seperti kejadian keracunan makanan di sekolah. Beberapa faktor yang dapat memungkinkan terjadinya penularan penyakit melalui makanan adalah perilaku yang tidak higienis, adanya sumber penyakit menular, adanya media dan resipien. Tujuan Umum dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran kondisi higiene sanitasi makanan jajanan serta faktor yang mempengaruhinya di kabupaten Tangerang tahun 2006. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain potong lintang (Cross Sectional), dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder kegiatan pengawasan makanan dan minuman yang dilakukan oleh Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Tangerang terhadap pedagang makanan jajanan di Sekolah Dasar di Kabupaten Tangerang tahun 2006. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah makanan jajanan yang diambil dari 159 Sekolah Dasar di kabupaten Tangerang tahun 2006 adapun variabel yang diamati adalah : pengetahuan, perilaku, peralatan sarana air bersih, sarana pembuangan Iimbah, tempat pembuangan sampah dan lokasi usaha, sedangkan yang menjadi variabel terikat adalah kontaminasi bakteri E.CoIi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan sampel makanan yang terkontaminasi sebanyak 37,1%. Untuk pengetahuan Iebih dari separuh (62,9%) tidak baik, Sedangkan untuk perilaku sebagian besar tidak baik (76,7%). Lokasi usaha lebih dari separuh tidak memenuhi syaraf (53,5%). Bggitu pula untuk peralatan yang digunakan lebih dari separuhnya yaitu 57,2% tidak memenuhi syarat. Sedangkan untuk fasilitas sanitasi menunjukan hampir sebagian besar kondisi tempat sampah tidak memenuhi syarat (93,1%), untuk sarana air bersih hampir sebagian besar (75,5%) tidak memenuhi syarat. Begitu pula untuk sarana pembuangan limbah 86,2% tidak memenuhi syarat. Hasil uji bivariat menunjukan hanya empat variabel yang bermakna yaitu : pengetahuan (p = 0,028), perilaku (p = 0,009), peralatan (p = 0,039) dan sarana air bersih (p= (1,037) sehingga variabel ini masuk menjadi kandidat analisis multivariat. Pada analisis multivariat lalu dilakukan seleksi kandidat dengan memasukan variabel dengan nilai p<0,2S. Dari hasil akhir analisis multivariat tersebut diketahui bahwa perilaku merupakan variabel murni yang mempengaruhi terjadinya kontaminasi pada makanan jajanan (p = 0,011) dengan nilai OR 3,2 (95% : CI) dengan persamaan matematisnya adalah sebagai berikut : Logit (kontaminasi makanan) = 0,297 + 1,158*perilaku = 0,81 Saran secara akademik adalah perlunya perbaikan metode dalam penyusunan kuesioner dan kejelasan dalam Iangkah kerja ketika mengambil sampel. Saran secara praktis adalah Dinas Kesehatan hendaknya meningkatkan upaya pembinaan dan pengawasan atau inspeksi sanitasi terhadap pedagang makanan jajanan di Sekolah Dasar secara rutin, adanya kerjasama dengan pihak sekolah dalam upaya pengelolaan kantin sekolah yang sehat serta penyediaan fasilitas sanitasi yang diperlukan. Upaya Iainnya adanya Iomba kantin seknlah sehat yang bisa memotivasi perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat pada pedagang makanan jajanan di sekolah serta membuat sentra makanan jajanan dengan menggabungkan para pedagang dalam satu tempat. ......It has been known that food is one of the human basic needs. Therefore, food should be safe to be consumed. Food born disease is a disease that originated from food that contaminated by pathogenic microorganism. Street food is a food that produced, processed and mainly found in the area surrounding the school and routinely consume by most of the students in their break time. Although it is found that street food has an advantages side, but it is also has a risk on their health, like food poisoning. Some factors that could be occurring in food born disease are: unhygienic behavior, the source of the contagious disease, the media, and the recipient. The main purpose of the study is to describe the condition of sanitation hygienic of the street food and factors related to the condition, at the district of Tangerang 2006. The study use the cross sectional design with secondary data obtained from the activities of food and drink monitoring that carried out by the Health District Authority of Tangerang towards food street vendors in all Primary School in Tangerang. Samples are food from street food that sells in 159 Primary School at the district of Tangerang. Variables observed are including the knowledge, behavior, eating utensils and clean water, waste disposal appliance, the garbage storage, and the location on where the food is selling. The E. coli contamination is being the dependent variable of the study. The study found that food sampled has have contaminated is around 37.1%. More than half (62.9%) has poor knowledge, and mainly (76.7%) has poor behavior. Mostly (53.5%), the location on where the food is selling has poor condition. Same situation for the condition of eating utensils, 57.2% have unconditional state. Meanwhile, most of sanitary facilities are in poor condition, 93.1% of garbage storages are unconditional, 75.5% of clean water facilities are poor, as well as 86.2% of waste disposal appliances. From the bivariate analysis, there four variables are found have significant relationship, i.e. knowledge (p = 0.028), behavior (p = 0.009), utensils (p = 0.039), and clean water appliances (p = 0.037), which lead to included to multivariate analysis. From the final analysis of multivariate, it has found that behavior is to be the sole variable that influences the occurrence of street food contamination (p = 0.011) with OR 3.2 (95% C.I) with its mathematical formulation is: Logit (food contamination) = 0.297 + 1.158*behavior = 0.81 Suggestion on academic issues is suppose to improve the method of questionnaires arrangement and clarification on the step of activities on sampling. Suggestion in practical issue, for the Health Authority that suppose to increase the capacity building and sanitary monitoring or inspection towards street food vendors surrounding the school in routinely base. There is a need on good collaboration between school management in order to obtain a healthy school canteen, as well as providing the sanitary facilities that urgently needed. Other form of endeavor is to create a healthy canteen competition in order to encourage the clean and healthy lifestyle towards street food vendors, as well as creating the center for street food that merging all street vendors into one selling location.

Abstrak :
Makanan merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar pada manusia, sehingga makanan harus aman untuk dikonsumsi. Penyakit bawaan makanan adalah suatu penyakit yang ditimbulkan oleh makanan yang terkontaminasi oleh mikroorganisme pathogen.

Saran secara akademik adalah perlunya perbaikan metode dalam penyusunan kuesioner dan kejelasan dalam langkah kerja ketika mengambil sampel. Saran secara praktis adalah Dinas Kesehatan hendaknya meningkatkan upaya pembinaan dan pengawasan atau inspeksi sanitasi terhadap pedagang rnakanan jajanan di Sekolah Dasar secara rutin, adanya kerjasama dengan pihak sekolah dalam upaya pengelolaan kantin sekoIah yang sehat serta penyediaan fasilitas sanitasi yang diperlukan. Upaya lainnya adanya lomba kantin sekolah sehat yang bisa memotivasi perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat pada pedagang makanan jajanan di sekoiah serta mernbuat sentra makanan jajanan dengan menggabungkan para pedagang dalam setempat. ......It has been known that food is one of the human basic needs. Therefore, food should be safe to be consumed. Food born disease is a disease that originated from food that contaminated by pathogenic microorganism. Street food is a food that produced, processed and mainly found in the area surrounding the school and routinely consume by most of the students in their break time. Although it is found that street food has an advantages side, but it is also has a risk on their health, like food poisoning. Some factors that could be occurring in food born disease are: unhygienic behavior, the source of the contagious disease, the media, and the recipient. The main purpose of the study is to describe the condition of sanitation hygienic of the street food and factors related to the condition, at the district of Tangerang 2006. The study use the cross sectional design with secondary data obtained from the activities of food and drink monitoring that carried out by the Health District Authority of Tangerang towards food street vendors in all Primary School in Tangerang. Samples are food from street food that sells in 159 Primary School at the district of Tangerang. Variables observed are including the knowledge, behavior, eating utensils and clean water, waste disposal appliance, the garbage storage, and the location on where the food is selling. The E. coil contamination is being the dependent variable of the study. The study found that food sampled has have contaminated is around 37.1%. More than half (62.9%) has poor knowledge, and mainly (76.7%) has poor behavior. Mostly (53.5%), the location on where the food is se/lintl, has poor condition. Same situation for the condition of eating utensils, 57.2% have unconditional state_ Meanwhile, most of sanitary facilities are in poor condition, 93.1% of garbage storages are unconditional, 75.5% of clean water facilities are poor, as well as 86.2% of waste disposal appliances. From the bivariate analysis_ there four variables ale found have significant relationship, i.e. knowledge (p = 0.028), behavior (p = 0.009), utensils (p — 0.039), and clean water appliances (p = 0.037), which lead to included to multivariate analysis. From the final analysis of multivariate, it has found that behavior is to be the sole variable that influences the occurrence of street food contamination ( p = 0.011) with OR 3.2(95% C.1) with its mathematical formulation is: Logit (rood con(amination) 0.297 + /.158*behavior = 0.81 Suggestion on academic issues is suppose Lo improve the method of questionnaires arrangement and clarification on the step of activities on sampling. Suggestion in practical issue, for the Health Authority that suppose to increase the capacity building and sanitary monitoring or inspection towards street food vendors surrounding the school in routinely base. There is a need on good collaboration between school management in order to obtain a healthy school canteen, as well as providing the sanitary facilities that urgently needed. Other form of endeavor is to create a healthy canteen competition in order to encourage the clean and healthy lifestyle towards street food vendors, as well as creating the center for street food that merging all street vendors into one selling location.

Abstrak :
Makanan dengan kandungan zat gizinya sangat dibutuhkan oleh mahluk hidup termasuk manusia untuk tumbuh dan berkembang biak. Sebaliknya melalui makanan dapat juga dipindahkan beberapa penyakit yang ditularkan melalui makanan seperti diare dan keracunan makanan. Tingkat kontaminasi makanan masih cukup tinggi (oleh E. coli 65,5%) dan prevalensi penyakit diare sebanyak 116.075 kasus tahun 1995 dan Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) keracunan makanan juga masih tinggi yaitu 31.919 kasus tahun 1997, dengan angka kematian kasus (CFR) 0,15%. Penelitian prospektif dilakukan pada 255 buah Tempat Pengelolaan Makanan (TPM) yang terdiri dari 3 jenis TPM yaitu masing-masing sebanyak 85 buah TPM dari jenis Pedagang Kakilima, Rumah Makan dan Restoran dan Jasaboga. Makanan yang diteliti adalah makanan dari daging yang dimasak dengan air sebagai bahan penunjang pengolahan makanan (daging berkuah), dengan bakteri E. coli sebagai indikasi kontaminasi makanan. Data dianalisis dengan analisis multi variabel regresi logistik ganda untuk mengetahui faktor kontaminasi makanan. Tingkat kontaminasi makanan disajikan oleh E. coli 12,2%. Kontaminasi makanan baru matang oleh E. coli 7,5%. Kontaminasi bahan makanan oleh E. coli 40,0%. Kontaminasi air oleh E. coli 12,9%. Kontaminasi tangan pengolah oleh E. coli 12,5%. Kontaminasi pewadahan oleh E. coli 16,9%. Suhu pemasakan makanan adalah 99,5 oC dan lamanya pemasakan makanan 20,6 menit. Suhu penyimpanan 28,9 oC, lamanya penyimpanan makanan matang 409,2 menit dan suhu penyajian adalah 28,7 oC. Kontaminasi oleh E. coli pada makanan yang disajikan dipengaruhi oleh suhu pemasakan dan Jenis TPM (Pedagang Kakilima dengan resiko 3,5 kali dibandingkan dengan Jasaboga dan Restoran).

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Food with its nutrient constituencies is important and needed by all biological organisms including human live. On theaters hand through food could transfer some of diseases agent that could cause gastro-intestinal disorder and food intoxication. Food contamination prevalence is still height (by E. coli 65.5%) and diarrhea cases 116.075 in 1995, food out break intoxication 31.919 occur in 1997, and with CFR 0.15%. Prospective study has been done in order to identify the E. coli food contamination rate on food serve by food establishment in South Jakarta. Sample size of 255, with 85 food establishment each type food establishment group such as street food vendor, catering, and restaurant. Meat with height water activities is used for food sample and E. coli contamination on food is used as an indicator for pathogenic bacterial food contamination. Data analysis using multiple logistic regression, to identify food contamination factors. E. coli served food contamination was 12.2%, fresh cooked food E. coli contamination was 7.5%, row food E. coli contamination was 40.0%, water contamination was 12.9%, food handler hand contamination was 12.5%, and kitchen utensil especially for cooked food container contamination was 16.9%. Cooking processing temperature was 99.5 0C, average cooking period was 20.6 minute, food storage temperature and period were 28.9 0C and 409.2 minute, and room temperature of food served was 28.7 0C. Factors involved on E. coli served food contamination were cooking temperature and street food vendor (with OR=3.5 compare with restaurant and catering).

Abstrak :
As the food and beverages industry grows in Indonesia, there also has been an increase in the soft-drinks production in the society. There are elements often added into the drinks; such as caffeine, artifical sweetener and preservatives,which the content should be monitored. Because, if they are over-used, they will be hazardous to health. The purpose of this research is to obtain the optimum analysis condition for determining the content of saccharin, aspartame, benzoic acid, sorbic acid and caffeine, which are in the soft-drinks, using the reversed phase High-Performance-Liquid-Chromatography (HPLC). In this study, the condition used are Latek 18 column (15 cm x 4.0 mm), mobile phase as a mixture of acetonitrile and acetat buffer pH 5(5:95), flow rate 1,0 ml/minutes and detected by a 254 nm length-wave. The detection limit discovered by this method are for saccharin, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, caffeine and aspartame, respectively, are 0,2 ppm; 0,2 ppm; 0,007 ppm; 0,142 ppm; and 6,5 ppm. Whereas, the quantitative limit for saccharin, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, caffeine and aspartame, respectively, are 0,689 ppm; 0,852 ppm; 0,027 ppm; 0,452 ppm; 25,2 ppm. The calibration curve ranged between 1-60 ppm for saccharin and benzoid acid, 1-40 ppm for caffeine, 0.05-2 ppm for sorbic acid, and 30-100 ppm for aspartame. The investigation has been done for five (5) brands od soft-drinks. The analysis results are sample A contains caffeine 96,66 ppm, sample B contains saccharin 112,13 ppm, benzoic acid 206,81 ppm, and caffeine 130,63 ppm. Sample C contains benzoic acid 10,83 ppm and caffeine 97,66 ppm. Sample D contains benzoic acid 163,78 ppm, caffeine 101,52 ppm, and aspartame 231,20 ppm. The amounts of saccharin, benzoic acid, caffeine, and aspartame which has been found in the sample, do not exceed the tolerance limit of usage, whereas the amount of benzoic acid which has been found in sample B exceed the tolerance limit of usage.

Abstrak :
Pemakaian antibiotika golongan tetrasiklin dalam bidang peternakan makin banyak digunakan, baik untuk pengobatan teraak maupun sebagai pemacu pertumbuhan, karena golongan tetrasiklin merupakan jenis antibiotika yang mempunyai spektrum keija yang luas, harganya relatif murah, dan mudah didapat. Pemberian antibiotika pada hewan menyebabkan adanya residu pada pangan asal temak seperti daging, telur, dan susu. Bahan pangan tersebut umumnya diolah dengan pemanasan sebelum dikonsumsi, sehingga p^rlu diteliti pengaruh pemanasan terhadap kandungan residu antibiotika tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui pengaruh pemanasan pada suhu air mendidih terhadap kandungan residu antibiotika golongan tetrasiklin (oksitetrasiklin, tetrasiklin, dan klortetrasiklin) dalam telur ayam. Waktu pemanasan pemanasan yang digunakan 1, 5, 10, 15, dan 30 menit setelah air mendidih (+100 °C). Residu golongan tetrasiklin dideteksi menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Kineija Tinggi (KCKT) dengan fase gerak asam oksalat 0,0025 M ; asetonitril (8;2). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan proses pemanasan dapat menurunkan kandungan residu antibiotika golongan tetrasiklin. Persentase residu yang tertinggal setelah pemanasan selama 30 menit pada suhu air mendidih pada kuning telur oksitetrasiklin 8,8%, tetrasiklin 20,9% dan klortetrasiklin 36,5%. Sedangkan residu yang tertinggal pada putih telur oksitetrasiklin 9,2%, tetrasiklin 20%, dan klortetrasiklin 35,7%. ...... The application of antibiotics tetracycline's in the livestock is increasing very rapidly, either as treatments for a diseases or used as growth promotor, since antibiotic tetracycline's had a broad spectrum activity, relatively inexpensive, and available in drug store. Antibiotics to the animal may caused its residue in their products, sucks as meat, eggs, and milk. However, food of animal origin are generally prepared by heating, therefore the effect of heating to the concentration of antibiotics residues should be studied. The aim of this s^udy was to find out the effect of heating chicken's eggs boiling water to the concentration of tetracycline's residue (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline ) in it. The length of heating were 1, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes after boiling point (about 100 C). The tetracycline's residues was detected using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC ) with oxalic acid 0,0025 M ; acetonitrile (8 ; 2) as mobile phase. The results indicated that heating reduced the concentration of the tetracycline as residues. The percentages of oxytetracycline's, tetracycline's and chlortetracycline's residue detected in egg yolks after heating the eggs for 30 minutes in boiling water were 8,8%, 20,9% and 36,5% respectively. While the residues detected in white eggs 9,2%, 20% and 35,7% for oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline respectively.

Abstrak :
Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) keracunan pangan merupakan kasus keracunan yang melibatkan lebih dari dua korban keracunan. Biasanya pada kasus-kasus yang terjadi, tidak kurang korban keracunan mencapai puluhan atau bahkan ratusan. Berkaitan dengan kasus keracunan makanan, hukum tanggung jawab produk atau product liability dimaksudkan untuk memberikan jaminan terhadap hak-hak konsumen, khususnya hak atas keselamatan, keseshatan, dan hak untuk mendapatkan ganti kerugian terhadap konsumen, dimana kedudukannya masih lemah dibandingkan pelaku usaha. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisis tentang bagaimana tanggung jawab produk atas pangan yang sudah teracun dan kemudian meracuni konsumennya. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapat bahwa Hukum Tanggung Jawab Produk masih merupakan hal yang masih harus menjadi perhatian serius, demi menjamin adanya kepastian hukum konsumen terhadap pelaku usaha. ......Extra ordinary foodborne disease is the poisoning cases that involving more than two victims of poisoning. Usually in cases that occurred, at least more than hundred victims of poisoning is possible. In term of foodborne disease, product liability laws or product liability is intended to provide a guarantee of consumer rights, particularly their right to safety, health, and the right to claim over the injuries. The consumer position is still weak compared to manufacturer. This study aims to describe and analyze on how the responsibilities for food liability that have been poisoned. From the results of this study, found that the Product Liability Law is still the case that should be a serious concern, it is in order to ensure legal certainty of consumers over manufacturer.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Kontaminasi bakterial pada makanan yang disediakan di kantin kampus merupakan hal yang sering terjadi dan dapat mengganggu aktivitas akademik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui tingkatan kontaminasi Escherichia coli pada makanan dan minuman yang dijajakan di kantin sebuah kampus universitas. Metode: Sebanyak 49 makanan dan 24 jenis minuman diperiksa dengan menggunakan metode konvensional untuk pengukuran Most Probable Number (MPN), yaitu uji penduga, uji penguat, dan uji pelengkap. Analisis kontaminasi pada makanan dan minuman dilakukan di Laboratorium Kesehatan Lingkungan Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia. Analisis data dengan membuat tingkatan kontaminasi berdasarkan kelompok makanan dan minuman serta lokasi kantin. Hasil: Hampir semua kelompok makanan terkontaminasi. Makanan dengan sambal adalah makanan yang paling berisiko untuk terkontaminasi E. coli (90,15 %), diikuti oleh makanan kering, sedangkan makanan berkuah adalah yang paling kecil risikonya (38,89%). Minuman yang paling tinggi kontaminasinya adalah jus lacy, diikuti oleh jus jambu, lalu jus sirsak dan orange di peringkat ketiga, sementara jus mangga kontaminas nya terendah. Jus melon, cappucino dan coctail tidak menunjukkan adanya kontaminasi. Kesimpulan: Makanan dan minuman yang ditemukan pada tiga lokasi yang menduduki urutan tertinggi disebabkan oleh terkontaminasinya alat makan dan tangan penjamah makanan. ...... Background: Bacterial contamination is a common phenomenon in foods served in campus canteens and my cause physical illness which will affect academic activity. The aim of this study was to rank the level of Escherichia coli contamination in food and drink in campus canteens. Methods: Forty nine (49) foods and 24 types of drink were examined using conventional agar broth method for calculation of most probable number (MPN). The steps of the mothod were presumptive test for coliforms, fecal coliforms and E. coli, confi rmes test for coliforms, fecal coli and E. coli and then completed test for E. coli. An analysis for contamination by E. coli in meals, utensils, and on the hands of the server was also undertaken. The data analyzed in percentage and rank all type of foods and drinks, also rank based on the location. Results: Almost all type of meals was contaminated. Meals with chili sauce were the most risky from the contamination of E. coli (90.15 %), then followed by dry meals (38.89%), while the wet meals were the the most unrisky meals. In drinks, the highest was lacy juice, followed by jambu (guava) juice, then Sirsak and Orange juices on the third rank, while the mango juice was the lowest contamination. Melon juice, cappucino and fruit-coctail did not have E. coli contamination. Conclusion: The contamination in the top three rank of contamination could be from the utensils used and foodhandler.