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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Minyak ikan dikenal sebagai sumber polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) yang baik dan digunakan untuk tujuan farmasetika dan suplemen pangan secara luas. Dalam penelitian ini, bahan baku ikan sidat (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) dikarakterisasi dan minyak ikan diekstraksi dari tulang ikan sidat dengan metode Bligh & Dyer dan wet rendering. Komposisi asam lemak dari minyaknya dianalisa dan dikuantifikasi menggunakan kromatografi gas. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan, total by-product pengolahan ikan sidat (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) mencapai 26,38%, kandungan lemak tulang ikan sidat 17,33 ± 0,58 g/100 g. Rendemen minyak ikan sidat yang diekstraksi dengan metode Bligh dan Dyer adalah 17,12%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis asam lemak minyak ikan sidat, diperoleh kandungan SFA 19,87%, MUFA 25,84%, PUFA 13,84%. Komposisi asam lemak utama minyak ikan sidat adalah asam palmitat 13,58%, asam oleat 20,94%, asam linoleat 4,01%, EPA 1,57% dan DHA 4,84%. Rendemen tertinggi ekstraksi minyak ikan dari tulang ikan sidat menggunakan metode wet rendering adalah sebesar 6,95% yang didapat pada pada suhu 80ºC, waktu perebusan 60 menit. Penambahan waktu perebusan menjadi 90 menit pada suhu yang sama, tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap persentase rendemen. Kondisi ekstraksi metode wet rendering terbaik berdasarkan persentase rendemen dan nilai hasil uji mutu dari minyak ikan adalah suhu perebusan 60°C, waktu perebusan 60 menit dengan persentase rendemen sebesar 5,53%, asam lemak bebas 0,47% , bilangan asam 9.277,55 mg KOH/kg, bilangan peroksida 38,35 meq/kg, bilangan anisidin 25,84 meq/kg dan total oksidasi 102,55 meq/kg. Hanya kandungan asam lemak bebas saja yang mempunyai nilai sesuai standar yang diperbolehkan.

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ABSTRACT
Fish oils have been recognized as good sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which are widely used for pharmaceutical purposes and as food supplements. In this study, eels (Angguilla bicolor bicolor) as a raw material was characterized and fish oil from eels bone were extracted using Bligh & Dyer and wet rendering method. The fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed and quantified using gas chromatography. Results showed that the total yield of by-product of eel reached 26,38 %, the lipid content of eels bone was 17.33 ± 0.58 g/100 g. Yield of eel bone oil extracted by Bligh and Dyer method was 17.12%. In the fatty acid analysis of eel bone oil, it was discovered that SFA was 19.87%, MUFA was 25.84%, and PUFA was 13.84%. The Composition of major fatty acids in the oil from the bone were palmitic acid (13.58%), oleic acid (20.94%), linoleic acid (4.01%), EPA (1.57%), and DHA (4.84%). The highest yield of fish oil from eel bone with wet rendeering exctraction method was 6.95% on temperatur 80ºC and boiling time 60 minutes. At the same temperatur, an additional time to 90 minutes was not significantly different to percentage of yield. The best condition for wet rendering exctraction method is boiling temperature 60°C, boiling time 60 minute with value of yield, free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide value, anisidin value and total oxidation is 5,53%, 0,47%, 9.277,55 mg KOH/kg, 38,35 meq/kg, 25,84 meq/kg and 102,55 meq/kg respectively. Result showed that only free fatty acid value which meet the standar requirement. ;Fish oils have been recognized as good sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which are widely used for pharmaceutical purposes and as food supplements. In this study, eels (Angguilla bicolor bicolor) as a raw material was characterized and fish oil from eels bone were extracted using Bligh & Dyer and wet rendering method. The fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed and quantified using gas chromatography. Results showed that the total yield of by-product of eel reached 26,38 %, the lipid content of eels bone was 17.33 ± 0.58 g/100 g. Yield of eel bone oil extracted by Bligh and Dyer method was 17.12%. In the fatty acid analysis of eel bone oil, it was discovered that SFA was 19.87%, MUFA was 25.84%, and PUFA was 13.84%. The Composition of major fatty acids in the oil from the bone were palmitic acid (13.58%), oleic acid (20.94%), linoleic acid (4.01%), EPA (1.57%), and DHA (4.84%). The highest yield of fish oil from eel bone with wet rendeering exctraction method was 6.95% on temperatur 80ºC and boiling time 60 minutes. At the same temperatur, an additional time to 90 minutes was not significantly different to percentage of yield. The best condition for wet rendering exctraction method is boiling temperature 60°C, boiling time 60 minute with value of yield, free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide value, anisidin value and total oxidation is 5,53%, 0,47%, 9.277,55 mg KOH/kg, 38,35 meq/kg, 25,84 meq/kg and 102,55 meq/kg respectively. Result showed that only free fatty acid value which meet the standar requirement. ;Fish oils have been recognized as good sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which are widely used for pharmaceutical purposes and as food supplements. In this study, eels (Angguilla bicolor bicolor) as a raw material was characterized and fish oil from eels bone were extracted using Bligh & Dyer and wet rendering method. The fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed and quantified using gas chromatography. Results showed that the total yield of by-product of eel reached 26,38 %, the lipid content of eels bone was 17.33 ± 0.58 g/100 g. Yield of eel bone oil extracted by Bligh and Dyer method was 17.12%. In the fatty acid analysis of eel bone oil, it was discovered that SFA was 19.87%, MUFA was 25.84%, and PUFA was 13.84%. The Composition of major fatty acids in the oil from the bone were palmitic acid (13.58%), oleic acid (20.94%), linoleic acid (4.01%), EPA (1.57%), and DHA (4.84%). The highest yield of fish oil from eel bone with wet rendeering exctraction method was 6.95% on temperatur 80ºC and boiling time 60 minutes. At the same temperatur, an additional time to 90 minutes was not significantly different to percentage of yield. The best condition for wet rendering exctraction method is boiling temperature 60°C, boiling time 60 minute with value of yield, free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide value, anisidin value and total oxidation is 5,53%, 0,47%, 9.277,55 mg KOH/kg, 38,35 meq/kg, 25,84 meq/kg and 102,55 meq/kg respectively. Result showed that only free fatty acid value which meet the standar requirement. , Fish oils have been recognized as good sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which are widely used for pharmaceutical purposes and as food supplements. In this study, eels (Angguilla bicolor bicolor) as a raw material was characterized and fish oil from eels bone were extracted using Bligh & Dyer and wet rendering method. The fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed and quantified using gas chromatography. Results showed that the total yield of by-product of eel reached 26,38 %, the lipid content of eels bone was 17.33 ± 0.58 g/100 g. Yield of eel bone oil extracted by Bligh and Dyer method was 17.12%. In the fatty acid analysis of eel bone oil, it was discovered that SFA was 19.87%, MUFA was 25.84%, and PUFA was 13.84%. The Composition of major fatty acids in the oil from the bone were palmitic acid (13.58%), oleic acid (20.94%), linoleic acid (4.01%), EPA (1.57%), and DHA (4.84%). The highest yield of fish oil from eel bone with wet rendeering exctraction method was 6.95% on temperatur 80ºC and boiling time 60 minutes. At the same temperatur, an additional time to 90 minutes was not significantly different to percentage of yield. The best condition for wet rendering exctraction method is boiling temperature 60°C, boiling time 60 minute with value of yield, free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide value, anisidin value and total oxidation is 5,53%, 0,47%, 9.277,55 mg KOH/kg, 38,35 meq/kg, 25,84 meq/kg and 102,55 meq/kg respectively. Result showed that only free fatty acid value which meet the standar requirement. ]

Abstrak :
Ikan Lemuru (Sardinella sp) adalah salah satu kelompok ikan yang memiliki kandungan protein tinggi dan kandungan minyak ikan yang banyak, tersebar luas di perairan Jawa Timur, terutama di Banyuwangi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk pengayaan omega-3 minyak ikan Lemuru melalui reaksi enzimatik, sehingga akan meningkatkan nilai ekonomi dari minyak ikan lemuru yang selama ini di Muncar (sentra produksi minyak ikan) dimanfaatkan sebagai campuran pakan ternak dan ikan. Minyak ikan Lemuru dilakukan pemurnian dengan menggunakan bentonit dan karbon aktif. Minyak ikan sebelum pemurnian dan sesudah pemurnian ditentukan kualitasnya dengan cara analisa angka asam lemak bebas, angka asam, angka peroksida dan angka iodnya menggunakan metode titrimetri, sedangkan pemucatan warna (bleaching) ditentukan menggunakan nilai absorbansinya menggunakan spektofotometer. Pengayaan omega 3 minyak ikan cara hidrolisis dengan bantuan enzim lipase komersial dilakukan sebanyak 1 gram minyak ikan menggunakan tabung reaksi dan 160 gram menggunakan reaktor 1 L. Reaksi enzimatis dilakukan dengan variasi suhu (45-55), waktu (6-24 jam), konsentrasi enzim (500, 1000, 1500 dan 2000 unit) dan agitasi (50-150 rpm). Kandungan asam lemak omega 3 dari minyak ikan yang telah dihidrolisis dengan enzim lipase ditentukan menggunakan Gas Chromatography (GC). Hasil pemurnian menggunakan karbon 3% dapat menurunkan angka peroksida sampai nol dan menurunkan nilai absorbansi yang sebelumnya 0,883 menjadi 0,559 pada λ 440 nm. Hasil GC menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum untuk reaksi enzimatis adalah waktu reaksi 24 jam, konsentrasi enzim 1000 unit dan temperatur optimum 50oC. Reaksi enzimatik menggunakan lipase komersial dapat meningkatkan kadar omega-3 minyak ikan Lemuru yang sebelum reaksi enzimatis ALA 0,110, EPA 0.089 dan DHA 0.01 % setelah reaksi enzimatis berturut turut menjadi menjadi 1,059 (12 kali), 1,61 (18 kali lebih) dan 0.352 % (35 kali lebih). Reaksi enzimtais minyak ikan Lemuru dengan cara rancangan RSM-Box Behnken mendekati sebenarnya sampai lebih dari 95%, dengan kondisi optimum rancangan temperature, waktu dan agitasi berturut-turut 45oC, 24 jam dan 150 rpm. ......Lemuru fish (Sardinella sp.) is a group of fish that has a high protein and oil content. It is widespread in East Java waters, especially in Banyuwangi. The present study was aimed to enrich the omega-3 lemuru fish oil through enzymatic reactions so that it would increase the economic value of lemuru fish oil, which has been used as the mixture of animal and fish feed in Muncar (fish oil production center). Lemuru fish oil was refined using bentonite and activated carbon. The quality of fish oil before and after purification was determined by analyzing the free fatty acid number, acid value, peroxide value and iodine value using the titrimetric method, while bleaching analysis was determined by absorbance value using a spectrophotometer. The enrichment of omega-3 from fish oil by enzymatic hydrolysis using commercial lipase enzymes was carried out in the amount of 1 gram of fish oil using a test tube and 160 grams using a 1 L reactor. Enzymatic reactions were carried out with variations in temperature (45- 55°C), time (6-24 hours), concentration enzymes (500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 units), and agitation (50-150 rpm). The omega-3 fatty acid content of fish oil that has been hydrolyzed with lipase was determined using gas chromatography (GC). The result of purification using 3% carbon could reduce the peroxide value to zero and the absorbance value from 0.883 to 0.559 at λ 440 nm. The GC result showed that the optimum conditions for the enzymatic reaction were 24 hours, 1000 units of enzyme concentration, and 50°C. The enzymatic reaction using commercial lipases could increase the omega-3 levels of lemuru fish oil. It was found that before enzymatic hydrolysis, the concentration of ALA, EPA, and DHA were 0.110%, 0.089%, and 0.01%, respectively. After the enzymatic reaction, the level of ALA, EPA, and DHA became 1.059% (12 fold), 1.61% (18 fold), and 0.352% (35 fold), respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis of lemuru fish oil by using Behnken RSM-Box design approach was true to more than 95%, with the optimum design conditions of temperature, time, and agitation were 45°C, 24 hours and 150 rpm, respectively.

Abstrak :
Minyak ikan dikenal sebagai produk yang memiliki khasiat besar karena mengandung PUFA (Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid). Penelitian telah membuktikan bahwa PUFA dapat mencegah penyakit-penyakit berbahaya seperti penyakit kardiovaskular, inflamasi, dan kanker. Ikan sidat (Anguilla sp.) yang digunakan sebagai bahan baku utama memiliki kandungan gizi yang sangat tinggi, baik dari segi protein dan kandungan asam lemaknya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan minyak ikan Sidat dengan melalui tahap ekstraksi, pemurnian, dan karakterisasi. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah rendering basah dan proses purifikasi terdiri dari degumming, netralisasi, dan bleaching. Terdapat dua jenis minyak yang dikarakterisasi yakni minyak ikan kasar dan minyak ikan purifikasi. Hasil akhir minyak ikan kasar memiliki kandungan PUFA sebesar 31,81%, sedangakan minyak ikan purifikasi sebesar 18,44%. Minyak ikan kasar memiliki kualitas yang memadai sebagai produk minyak ikan layak konsumsi dengan spesifikasi bilangan asam (2,5), %asam lemak bebas (1,2%), kandungan air (0,15%), tingkat kejernihan (78%), dan asam lamak tak jenuh omega-3 (5,64%), omega-6 (26,17%), dan omega-9 (35,55%).

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Fish oil is known as a very beneficial product because it contains high PUFA (Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid). Various researchs have proven that PUFA is able to prevent many kind of malignancies such as cardiovascular problem, inflammation, and cancer. Sidat fish (Anguilla sp.) which will be used as main raw material has high amount of nutrients, not only in protein, but also in its fatty acid content. The purposes of this research is to produce Sidat fish oil through extraction, purification, and characterization. Wet rendering extraction method is used purification steps are consisted of degumming, neutralization, and bleaching. There are two kinds of fish oil which will be characterizied, crude fish oil and purified fish oil. The final crude sidat fish oil contain PUFA as much as 31.81%, while purified fish oil has 18.44% PUFA. The crude fish oil is known to have better and proper quality as a consumable fish oil product. It has specification as acid value (2.5), %free fatty acid (1.2%), water content (0.15%), clarity (78%), omega 3 unsaturated fatty acid (5.64%), omega 6 (26,16%), and omega 9 (35.55%).

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Azoxymethane AOM dan dextran sodium sulfate DSS adalah senyawa kimia yang sering digunakan untuk menginduksi kanker kolorektal pada tikus. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa azoxymethane dan DSS juga menyebabkan nefrotoksisitas. Omega 3 yang ditemukan pada minyak ikan diketahui memiliki efek protektif pada ginjal. Namun, omega 3 minyak ikan kaya masih sangat kurang dimanfaatkan di Indonesia. Untuk mempelajari fitur histopatologi ginjal pada tikus yang diinduksi AOM DSS setelah pemberian omega 3 minyak ikan kaya. Metode: Mencit eksperimental yang telah diinduksi menggunakan AOM 10 mg kg dan DSS 2 selama 2 minggu dialokasikan secara acak ke dalam 4 kelompok sebagai berikut. Kelompok Kontrol tikus tidak menerima minyak ikan, tikus Kelompok Dosis Rendah menerima 1,5 mg minyak ikan, tikus kelompok Dosis Menengah menerima 3 mg minyak ikan, tikus Kelompok Dosis Tinggi menerima 6 minyak ikan mg hari. Minyak ikan kaya omega 3 diberikan selama 12 minggu. Pemeriksaan patologi dilakukan untuk menilai degenerasi tubular dan kongesti vaskular. Hasil: Gambaran histopatologis yang ditemukan di ginjal adalah peradangan, degenerasi tubular, nekrosis, dan kongesti vaskular. Persentase 3 tubular degenerasi berat pada kelompok yang diberi minyak zaitun kaya omega 3 rendah, menengah, dan tinggi lebih rendah sebesar 17,5, 25, dan 37,5 masing-masing dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Pemberian omega 3 minyak ikan kaya menunjukkan persentase yang lebih sedikit dari tingkat kongesti 2 pembuluh darah moderat dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol namun, peningkatan dosis omega 3 minyak ikan kaya tidak menunjukkan persentase yang berbeda dari kemacetan pembuluh darah moderat di antara kelompok-kelompok. Kesimpulan: Hasil menunjukkan efek omega 3 minyak ikan kaya untuk mencegah nefrotoksisitas pada tikus yang diinduksi oleh azoxymethane dan DSS. ......Background: Azoxymethane AOM and dextran sodium sulfate DSS are chemical compounds frequently used to induce colorectal cancer in mice. Previous studies have shown that azoxymethane and DSS also cause nephrotoxicity. Omega 3 found on fish oil is known to have protective effect on kidney. However, omega 3 rich fish oil is still very underutilized in Indonesia.Aim To study the histopathologic features of kidney on mice induced AOM DSS after the administration of omega 3 rich fish oil. Method: The experimental mice that had been induced using AOM 10 mg kg and DSS 2 for 2 weeks were allocated randomly into 4 groups as follows Control Group mice recieved no fish oil, Low Dose Group mice recieved 1.5 mg day fish oil, Medium Dose Group mice recieved 3 mg day fish oil, High Dose Group mice recieved 6 mg day fish oil. The omega 3 rich fish oil were given for 12 weeks. Pathology examination was done to grade tubular degeneration and vascular congestion. Result: The histopathologic features found in the kidney were inflammation, tubular degeneration, necrosis, and vascular congestion. The percentage of severe 3 tubular degeneration on groups given low, medium, and high dose omega 3 rich olive oil were lower by 17.5 , 25 , and 37,5 respectively compared to control group. The administration of omega 3 rich fish oil showed less percentage of moderate 2 vascular congestion degree compared to control group however, increasing dose of omega 3 rich fish oil did not show different percentages of moderate vascular congestion among groups. Conclusion: The result indicates the effect of omega 3 rich fish oil on preventing nephrotoxicity in mice induced by azoxymethane and DSS.

Abstrak :
Kerusakan hati pada pasien dengan kanker kolorektal memberikan kontribusi terhadap morbiditas dan mortalitas pada kelompok pasien ini. Minyak ikan kaya omega 3 memiliki efek imunomodulator dan antiinflamasi yang mungkin dapat menekan kerusakan hati pasien kanker kolorektal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak pemberian minyak ikan kaya omega-3 terhadap kerusakan hati pasien kanker kolorektal dengan menggunakan model mencit yang diinduksi dengan azoksimetan AOM dan dekstran sodium sulfat DSS. Metode: Dua puluh empat ekor mencit balb/c dinduksi dengan AOM dosis 10 mg/kgBB dan larutan DSS 2 intraperitoneal. Mencit kemudian dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan: kelompok kontrol; kelompok yang diberi minyak ikan kaya omega-3 dosis rendah 1,5mg/hari ; Kelompok yang diberi minyak ikan kaya omega-3 dosis sedang 3mg/hari ; Kelompok yang diberi minyak ikan kaya omega-3 dosis tinggi 6mg/hari. Mencit dikorbankan setelah 10 minggu. Hati mencit kemudian diwarnai dengan hematoxylin eosin dan dilihat histopatologinya nekrosis, steatosis, inflamasi, displasia, dan obstruksi vena sentral menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan histopatologi yang bermakana kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok yang diberi suplementasi minyak ikan kaya omega-3 pada jumlah fokus nekrosis p=0,029 untuk dosis rendah, p=0,001 untuk dosis sedang ......Background Liver injury in colorectal cancer contributes to not only morbidity but also mortality in these patients. Omega 3 rich fish oil may reduce the liver injury by immune and inflammation modulation, the basis of liver injury in these patients. The objective of this study is to find the effect of omega 3 rich fish oil supplementation to liver injury in colorectal cancer patient using mice model induced by azoxymethane AOM and dextran sodium sulfate DSS. Method Twenty four balb c mice induced with AOM dose 10 mg kgBW and DSS 2 solution intraperitoneally. Mice were then divided into 4 group control group mice received low dose of omega 3 rich fish oil 1,5mg day group Mice received medium dose of omega 3 rich fish oil 3mg day group mice received high dose of omega 3 rich fish oil 6mg day group. The mice were sacrificed after 10 weeks. The livers smeared and observed under light microscope with histopathology indicator necrosis, steatosis, inflammation, displasia, and central vein obstruction. Results There were significant histopathologic difference between control and mice that received omega 3 rich fish oil supplementation on the number of necrosis foci p 0.029 for low dose, p 0.001 for medium dose