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"The Fire damage occurs in unpredictable time and can cause losses to the owner because of the damage. It can occur in buildings that do not have Fire Protection and Fire Safety Management System in the building. By detecting and preventing against fire damage, which arise in unpredictable times will prevent loss of lives and assets of the buildings.There has been considerable research into the fire damage such as at the Polo Condominium in Colorado. The Polo Condominium that was built in 1967 caught fire on October 31' because it did not have the Fire Protection System in each floor. When the fire came and burned the building interior, the building could not extinguish the fire because it did not have fire detector and sprinklers in place.To solve the problem, in Jakarta there are a lot of guidelines such as the Minister Of Public Works Decree # 02IKPTSI1985 for Fire Safety in building. But from many fire damages, the guidelines could not accommodate the problem because the buildings did not incorporate Fire Protection and Fire Safety Management System. Relevant research indicated that Fire Protection and Fire Safety Management System are very important to detect and prevent against fire damage. In this research, the Fire Protection and Fire Safety Management System are defined as Fire Safety Design which have been taken from many relevant theories and journals.From 50 questionnaires sent to various high rise office buildings in Jakarta, 30 responses were received to be viable for in depth analysis. The result of the analysis shows clearly that the Fire Safety Design is positively correlated in a linear manner to four of the key Fire Safety Design variables. The four key variables influencing building reliability in design carried out by the consultant and controlled by the construction manager in the projects are : detection and fire alarm, building architecture, the designer's fire certificate and special equipment to stop fire_ This research can then be used to control and measure the quality of Future Fire Safety Design of the high rise building reliability in Jakarta."

"Tujuan utama penelitian ini difokuskan pada presurisasi tangga kebakaran dan pengendalian asap di ruang berukuran besar. Sebanyak 180 artikel akademik yang diterbitkan antara 1964 sampai 2022 ditinjau untuk merangkum strategi sistem presurisasi dan ekstraksi asap yang berkaitan dengan keselamatan berbasis kinerja di bangunan gedung. Dampak perbedaan tekanan dalam tangga darurat terhadap luar diteliti ada gedung perkantoran aktual 32 lantai. Pressurized-fan injeksi tunggal dipasang di atas ruang tangga. Sensor tekanan juga dipasang di lima lantai terpisah. Selanjutnya lima skenario pengujian dilakukan untuk mengukur perbedaan tekanan antar tangga dan koridor dengan beberapa pintu terbuka di berbagai lantai. Hasil pengujian menunjukan perbedaan tekanan sebesar 5-15 Pa diperoleh dari pengukuran lapangan dan perbedaan tekanan 10-20 Pa diperoleh melalui analisa numerik dengan kode FDS (Fire Dynamic Simulator). Analisa numerik juga menunjukkan distribusi tekanan di sepanjang tangga lebih merata dengan sistem presurisasi multi-injeksi. Dalam mempelajari manajemen asap di ruang berukuran besar, sebuah kompartemen berskala 1/10 berukuran 2,4m x 1,6m x 1,0m dan berlantai dua dengan sebuah lantai mezzanine dijadikan sebagai model eksperimen. Sumber asap berasal dari pembakaran sabut kelapa. Piranti lunak FDS juga digunakan untuk membandingkan hasil investigasi secara eksperimental dan analisis numerik. Analisa numerik FDS memperkirakan kenaikan obskurasi asap dan kenaikan temperatur lebih tinggi tinggi daripada yang diperoleh dari hasil pengujian. Meskipun banyak penelitian sebelumnya telah memberikan solusi untuk manajemen asap, kreativitas manusia dalam desain berkembang lebih cepat daripada regulasi atau pedoman sebelumnya sehingga diperlukan pendekatan berbasis kinerja dalam merancang sistem keselamatan kebakaran.

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The primary aim of the research is focused on stairway pressurization systems and smoke control in large-volume spaces. A total of 180 academic publications published between 1964 and 2022 were included to summarize the practical applications of smoke control strategies based on pressurization or extraction systems, and potential research pertaining to performance-based safety schemes for smoke ventilation control in tall buildings. In an actual 32-story office building, the impact of a pressure differential over the stairs was studied. The single injection pressurized fan on the top of the stairwell and pressure sensors were on five separate floors to measure the pressure differential over time. Five scenarios are tested to observe the impact of differential pressure caused by an open door on various floors. The pressure difference between the stairwell and outside is 5 to 15 Pa gained in field measurements and 10 to 20 Pa in numerical studies. The numerical research also demonstrates that the pressure distribution along the stairs performed better for the multi-injection system. To explore smoke management in large volume spaces, another reduced-scale model of two levels with a mezzanine floor was developed using a 1/10 reduced-scale experimental compartment 2.4m x 1.6m x 1.0m. The smoke in the compartment was created by the combustion of coconut husks. Comparing experimental investigations to numerical analysis using FDS codes. The numerical calculations overestimate the rise in obscuration during the time of smoke accumulation. The increase in temperature simulated by FDS is also more than that observed by testing. While designing a smoke control system, it is necessary to use a performance-based approach."

"ABSTRAKKebakaran hutan adalah pemasalahan lingkungan yang muncul hampir setiap tahun di Indonesia termasuk di TNGC. Kebakaran hutan dapat berdampak negatif pada ekologi, perubahan komposisi dan struktur ekosistem hutan, serta dapat mengganggu kegiatan ekonomi masyarakat. Permasalahan dalam kajian ini adalah kegiatan pengendalian kebakaran hutan di TNGC telah melibatkan masyarakat peduli api, tetapi hasilnya belum maksimal yang ditandai masih seringnya terjadi kebakaran hutan di kawasan TNGC. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi partisipasi MPA, menganalisis hubungan antara partisipasi dengan keberlanjutan manfaat taman nasional, merumuskan model dan strategi peningkatan partisipasi MPA dalam pengendalian kebakaran hutan. Metode yang digunakan adalah mix-method yang dilakukan melalui analisis regresi liner dan SWOT analisis. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah faktor motivasi, kemampuan, dan kesempatan secara signifikan mempengaruhi partisipasi masyarakat peduli api. Oleh karena itu, model peningkatan partisipasi MPA dapat dibangun melalui ketiga variabel tersebut. Keberlanjutan taman nasional memiliki hubungan yang cukup kuat, signifikan dan searah dengan partisipasi dengan nilai korelasi 0,331. Rumusan peningkatan partisipasi masyarakat peduli api dalam pengendalian kebakaran hutan dari hasil analisis SWOT menunjukkan bahwa kondisi pengelolaan Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai berada pada kuadran I Diagram Kartesius. Strategi prioritas yang dilaksanakan adalah aggressive strategy.

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ABSTRACTForest fires are environmental problems that appear almost every year in Indonesia, including in TNGC. Forest fires can have a negative impact on ecology, changes in the composition and structure of forest ecosystems, and may disrupt the economic activities of the people. The problem in this study is that forest fire control activities in TNGC have involved the community to care about fire, but the results have not been maximally marked by the frequent occurrence of forest fires in the TNGC area. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the factors that influence the participation of the fire caring community, analyze the relationship between participation with the sustainability of the park 39 s benefits, formulate models and strategies to increase the participation of fire fighting public in fire control. The method used is mix method done through linear regression analysis and SWOT analysis. Conclusion of the study, motivation, ability, and opportunity significantly influence the participation of the public concerning fire. Therefore, the MPA participation enhancement model can be built through these three variables. The sustainability of the park has a strong, significant and unidirectional relationship with participation with a correlation value of 0.331. The formulation of the increased participation of the public concerning fire in forest fire control from the SWOT analysis shows that the condition of the management of Gunung Ciremai National Park is in the first quadrant of Cartesian Diagram. The priority strategy implemented is aggressive strategy."

"Asap kebakaran hutan mengandung senyawa karsinogenik yang dapat menghasilkan spesi oksigen reaktif melalui proses metabolisme di dalam tubuh. Spesi oksigen reaktif yang terbentuk dapat berinteraksi dengan makromolekul seperti DNA, sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan oksidatif DNA. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis pengaruh paparan asap kebakaran hutan terhadap pembentukan senyawa DNA adduct 8-OHdG menggunakan HPLC fase terbalik dengan detektor UV pada panjang gelombang 254 nm. Fase gerak yang digunakan berupa campuran natrium fosfat 0,1 mol/L pH 6,7 dan metanol (85:15, v/v). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paparan asap kebakaran hutan meningkatkan konsentrasi 8-OHdG dalam urin korban kebakaran hutan dengan konsentrasi sebesar 2,76 ± 1,94 ppm. Penelitian ini juga dilakukan untuk menganalisis senyawa S-PMA dalam urin korban kebakaran hutan sebagai biomarker spesifik paparan benzena. Senyawa S-PMA dianalisis menggunakan LC-MS/MS dengan fase gerak berupa diklorometana yang mengandung asam asetat 1%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa S-PMA terdeteksi di dalam urin korban kebakaran hutan dengan konsentrasi sebesar 0,011 ± 0,01 ppb, sehingga mengindikasikan adanya benzena di dalam asap kebakaran hutan tersebut.Forest fire wood smoke contains carcinogenic compounds that can produce reactive oxygen species through metabolic processes in the human body. The reactive oxygen species formed can interact with macromolecules such as DNA, thus causing oxidative damage to DNA. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of forest fire wood smoke exposure on the DNA adduct 8-OHdG formation using reverse-phase HPLC with a UV detector at a wavelength of 254 nm. The mobile phase used was a mixture of 0.1 M sodium phosphate pH 6.7 and methanol (85:15, v/v). The result showed that forest fire wood smoke exposure increased the concentration of 8-OHdG in the urine of forest fire victims with a concentration of 2.76 ± 1.94 ppm. This study was also conducted to analyze S-PMA compounds in the urine of forest fire victims as a specific biomarker of benzene exposure. S-PMA compound was analyzed using LC/MS-MS with dichloromethane containing acetic acid 1% as a mobile phase. The result found that the S-PMA compound was detected in the urine of forest fire victims with a concentration of 0.011 ± 0.01 ppb that indicating the presence of benzene in forest fire wood smoke."