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"Suatu disain eksperimental menggunakan metode Taguchi dipelajari untuk proses laminasi ekstrusi polypropylene pada film oriented polypropylene. Langkah-langkah yang dilakukan adalah mengumpulkan data-data sekunder yaitu data disain sistem proses, data material dan kualitas produk, lalu mendisain eksperimen, melakukan eksperimen, melakukan analisa-analisa dan menetapkan setting parameter-parameter proses. Eksperimen dilakukan menggunakan orthogonal array L8 dengan dua tingkat pengujian untuk kondisi malam dan siang hari. Parameter-parameter proses yang dipergunakan sebagai faktor-faktor eksperimen yang dapat dikendalikan adalah temperatur ruang pengeringan, temperatur polypropylene pada ekstruder, bukaan katup air cooling roll, tekanan silicon roll, kecepatan lembaran film, tegangan lembaran film oriented polypropylene dan kecepatan putar extruder screw. Performa yang diperiksa adalah ketebalan film hasil laminasi yang diharapkan tepat 35,0 µm dan kekuatan ikatannya yang diharapkan setinggi mungkin. Parameter proses yang siknifikan pada sensitifitas proses terhadap ketebalan hasil laminasi, yang dipergunakan untuk mengatur ketebalan laminasi adalah kecepatan lembaran film dan kecepatan putar extruder screw. Parameter proses yang siknifikan pada sensitifitas proses terhadap kekuatan ikatan laminasi, yang dipergunakan untuk mengatur kekuatan ikatan adalah bukaan katup air cooling roll dan kecepatan putar extruder screw. Parameter proses yang siknifikan pada ketidak-sensitifan terhadap gangguan-gangguan pada ketebalan hasil laminasi adalah kecepatan putar extruder screw, temperatur ruang pengeringan, tegangan lembaran film dan kecepatan lembaran film. Parameter proses yang siknifikan pada ketidak-sensitifan terhadap gangguan-gangguan pada kekuatan ikatan adalah bukaan katup air cooling roll. Dari hasil analisa terhadap pengaruh parameter proses pada performa, disusun setting parameter proses yang optimal.

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An experimental design of Taguchi method was studied for extrusion laminating process of polypropylene on oriented polypropylene film. The steps were collecting secondary data included process system design data, material data and product quality, then designing experiment, running experiment, analyzing, and determining the setting of optimal process parameters. The experiment performed using L8 orthogonal array with two level of test in day and night condition. The process parameters that used as experimental control factors are temperature of drying box, temperature of polypropylene in extruder, water valve opener of cooling roll, pressure of silicon roll, line speed, tension of oriented polypropylene film and extruder screw speed of revolution. Performances were inspected are the thickness of film has laminated that desired 35,0 µm and the bonding strength that desired as high as possible. The process parameters that significant to process sensitivity for the thickness that use to adjust the thickness are line speed and extruder screw speed of revolution. The process parameters that significant to process sensitivity for the bonding strength that use to adjust the bonding strength are water valve opener of cooling roll and extruder screw speed of revolution. The process parameters that significant to process insensitivity in the noise at the thickness are extruder screw speed of revolution, temperature of drying box, tension of film and line speed. The process parameters that significant to process insensitivity in the noise at the bonding strength is water valve opener of cooling roll. The setting of optimal process parameter was determined from the result of analyzing process parameters that affected performances."

"Estuaries, which are rich in nutrient, act as a habitat to some aquatic lives, including mangroves. Human-induced activities such as dredging and shoreline development influence estuarine dynamics which includes mixing process. This will further affect estuarine salinity and adversely affect the aquatic life. A laboratory investigation was conducted in a flume to observe the mixing in a salt-wedge estuary. Three conditions were studied, i.e. mixing in ordinary estuary, mixing in an estuary with a presence of smaller deep channel and mixing in an estuary with a presence of resisting structures along the channel banks. Freshwater was run from one end of the channel, overflowing a weir at the other end, while salt water was introduced at the base of the weir and intruded upstream as gravity current. Mixing in open channel occurs in longitudinal, vertical and transverse directions. The spatial and temporal salt-water intrusions were studied where the mixing patterns were visualized using red dye tracer. To have better understanding on the mixing process, salinity patterns are studied through the plotted isohalines. The spatial and temporal salinity profiles in the flume are also studied through plotted graphs. The results show that salinity differences occurred due to the interfacial mixing between saline and freshwater"