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"Nuansa kebijakan pengentasan orang miskin selama ini terkesan menitikberatkan pada pendekatan ekonomi dengan peran Negara yang sangat dominan. Meskipun tingkat kemiskinan menurun tapi tidak terlalu signifikan. Revitalisasi pengentasan orang miskin dengan mendorong faktor non ekonomi dan partisipasi masyarakat menjadi sangat penting. Penelitian sebelumnya seperti Narayan dan Pritchett (1997), Grootaert (1998), Krishna dan Uphoff (1999) mengkonfirmasi bahwa modal sosial dinilai sebagai jembatan yang memfasilitasi kerjasama lebih baik dalam penyediaan pelayanan serta memberikan keuntungan kepada semua anggota masyarakat dan komunitas.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa peran modal sosial terkait dengan bonding dan bridging dalam mendorong pengentasan orang miskin dan melindungi kerentanan kelompok miskin. Dengan menggunakan data BPS Susenas 2012 Modul Sosial Budaya dan Pendidikan dan dengan mengaplikasikan model ekonometrik persamaan simultan (untuk menghilangkan permasalahan endogeinity problem antar variable antara modal sosial dan kondisi kemiskinan) menunjukan bahwa modal sosial melalui dimensi bonding (jaringan pertemanan, saudara dan bertetangga) dan dimensi bridging (jaringan perkumpulan) terbukti secara empiris mempunyai peran penting dalam mengurangi kedalaman kemiskinan dan juga mampu mendorong orang miskin keluar dari kemiskinan.Hasil ini sejalan dengan penelitian Woolcock dan Narayan (2000) bahwa rumah tangga miskin akan keluar dari garis kemiskinan bila memiliki peran sinergi yang tidak terpisahkan antara modal sosial bonding dan bridging yang tinggi. Mengingat masyarakat Indonesia mempunyai minat tinggi (82.3%) untuk berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan sosial kemasyarakatan (BPS, 2013). Maka pendekatan pengentasan orang miskin berbasis modal sosial sudah sepantasnya perlu diperhatikan oleh pembuat kebijakan.

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The poverty alleviation program that formulated by government had focussed on economical approach, in which government took a dominant role. Poverty rate has been reduced, but not in significant way. Revitalization of poverty alleviation programs by promoting non-economic factors and participation of community becomes important. Previous studies, such as Narayan dan Pritchett (1997), Grootaert (1998), Krishna and Uphoff (1999) confirmed that social capital has taken role as a bridge which facilitate a better cooperation in providing service and give benefits for the community.This study aims to analyze the role of social capital related to the bonding and bridging dimension in promoting poverty alleviation and protecting the poor from vulnerability. This study uses BPS Susenas 2012 data, Social Culture and Education Modul. Using the simultaneous equation model to facilitate the endogeneity problem between social capital and poverty variable, the bonding and bridging dimension has showed the significant effect to decrease the vulnerability and pulled out the poor from the poverty line.This result is in line with Woolcock and Narayan (2000) that the poor would be able to leave the poverty line if they maintain high bonding and bridging level. The Indonesians showed high willingness (82.3%) to participate in social activity (BPS, 2013), therefore social capital approach should be considered by policy maker to formulate poverty alleviation program."

"Much recent research has concentrated on the efficient solution of large sparse or structured linear systems using iterative methods. A language loaded with acronyms for a thousand different algorithms has developed, and it is often difficult even for specialists to identify the basic principles involved. Here is a book that focuses on the analysis of iterative methods. The author includes the most useful algorithms from a practical point of view and discusses the mathematical principles behind their derivation and analysis. Several questions are emphasized throughout: Does the method converge? If so, how fast? Is it optimal, among a certain class? If not, can it be shown to be near-optimal? The answers are presented clearly, when they are known, and remaining important open questions are laid out for further study. Greenbaum includes important material on the effect of rounding errors on iterative methods that has not appeared in other books on this subject. Additional important topics include a discussion of the open problem of finding a provably near-optimal short recurrence for non-Hermitian linear systems; the relation of matrix properties such as the field of values and the pseudospectrum to the convergence rate of iterative methods; comparison theorems for preconditioners and discussion of optimal preconditioners of specified forms; introductory material on the analysis of incomplete Cholesky, multigrid, and domain decomposition preconditioners, using the diffusion equation and the neutron transport equation as example problems. A small set of recommended algorithms and implementations is included."

"The method of least squares was discovered by Gauss in 1795. It has since become the principal tool to reduce the influence of errors when fitting models to given observations. Today, applications of least squares arise in a great number of scientific areas, such as statistics, geodetics, signal processing, and control.In the last 20 years there has been a great increase in the capacity for automatic data capturing and computing. Least squares problems of large size are now routinely solved. Tremendous progress has been made in numerical methods for least squares problems, in particular for generalized and modified least squares problems and direct and iterative methods for sparse problems. Until now there has not been a monograph that covers the full spectrum of relevant problems and methods in least squares. This volume gives an in-depth treatment of topics such as methods for sparse least squares problems, iterative methods, modified least squares, weighted problems, and constrained and regularized problems. The more than 800 references provide a comprehensive survey of the available literature on the subject."

"The authors of this carefully structured guide are the principal developers of LINPACK, a unique package of Fortran subroutines for analyzing and solving various systems of simultaneous linear algebraic equations and linear least squares problems.This guide supports both the casual user of LINPACK who simply requires a library subroutine, and the specialist who wishes to modify or extend the code to handle special problems. It is also recommended for classroom work."

"This book describes, in a common framework, new and existing numerical methods for the analysis and solution of rank-deficient and discrete ill-posed problems. The emphasis is on insight into the stabilizing properties of the algorithms and on the efficiency and reliability of the computations. The setting is that of numerical linear algebra rather than abstract functional analysis, and the theoretical development is complemented with numerical examples and figures that illustrate the features of the various algorithms."

"This second edition provides much-needed updates to the original volume. Like the first edition, it emphasizes the ideas behind the algorithms as well as their theoretical foundations and properties, rather than focusing strictly on computational details; at the same time, this new version is now largely self-contained and includes essential proofs.Additions have been made to almost every chapter, including an introduction to the theory of inexact Newton methods, a basic theory of continuation methods in the setting of differentiable manifolds, and an expanded discussion of minimization methods. New information on parametrized equations and continuation incorporates research since the first edition."