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"Due to critical environmental issues, increasing future energy supplies and decreasing reserved energy resources are currently the subject of comprehensive research. The use of biomass as a renewable energy resource may be helpful in solving current energy shortfalls, particularly for countries that have abundant biomass resources. In this study, pyrolysis of coal, Acacia Mangium wood, and their respective blend samples were investigated using proximate analysis and Thermogravimetric (TG–DTG). A mixture of coal and A. Mangium wood with a weight ratio 100:0, 90:10, 50:50, 10:90, and 0:100, were used and non-isothermal conditions at a constant heating rate of 5, 15, and 30°C/min were applied. Thermal evolution profile analysis of the pyrolysis process confirms that the reactivity of the fuel increased with the increasing proportion of the biomass in the fuel. The reactivity and maximum temperatures increased with the increasing heating rates. Proximate analysis showed the potential of biomass of A. Mangium wood to be used as a mixture with coal in terms of low ash and high volatile matter content."

"In this research, an optimization and improvement of gas spring design is discussed. The gas spring is used as a suspension component of an energy storing prosthetic knee. The gas spring replaces the quadricep muscles of transfemoral amputee. A deterministic and a stochastic optimization is proposed in this research. Both models are used to determine the optimal design variables of the gas spring: cylinder diameter, cylinder length, extension stroke, and compression stroke. The optimal design variables resulted from the deterministic optimization model must be further analyzed to determine the effect of its variation to the objective function. Monte Carlo simulation is used to determine the effect of such variation and making improvement when necessary. Process capability index (Cp) is used as a criteria to make such improvement considering the contribution to variation of design variables to the objective function. Stochastic optimization is proposed to find the optimal design variables by taking into consideration the randomness of its parameters. The objective function of the stochastic optimization is to maximize the capability process. Both Monte Carlo simulation and stochastic optimization was solved using Oracle Crystal Ball Software. From the simulation, the reduction of compression stroke and extension stroke standard deviations resulted in 30% improvement of energy storage standard deviation. The Cp is also improved about 70% from 0.99 to 1.44. The stochastic optimization resulted in extension stroke and compression stroke which are shorter than deterministic optimization with 1.25 process capabilty."

"Alternative energy, nowadays, becomes more necessary than fossil fuels which might be destructing and polluting the earth’s environment. Wind can be one of the most cheap, secure, environment friendly and reliable energy supplies. Building Integrated Wind Turbine (BIWT) is becoming increasingly common as a green building icon and new method of assessing optimal building energy. However, to employ BIWT, it is important to design the building shape and swept area carefully to increase wind velocity. Some of numerous design forms of BIWT will be explained in this paper using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis to find the most effective BIWT design in urban area. This paper will focus on the maximum wind velocity which passes the swept area to get maximum wind power. The result shows that, building energy can be optimized through aerodynamic building design to get the maximum wind power for building energy consumption."

"Mempertimbangkan kondisi lokasi-lokasi yang berada pada daerah terluar dan/atau terpencil di Indonesia yang juga mempunyai hak atas akses terhadap energi listrik, serta dengan memperhatikan fakta bahwa kebutuhan energi listrik pada daerah-daerah tersebut sangat bervariasi dan cenderung kecil, dibutuhkan solusi pembangkit listrik yang bersifat modular, dapat diekspansi kapasitasnya sesuai pertumbuhan kebutuhan dimasa mendatang, mempunyai efisiensi yang baik, proses pembangunan yang relatif cepat dan dengan tingkat keberhasilan yang tinggi, serta mampu mendukung pola operasi yang ada. Salah satu solusi yang dapat dimanfaatkan adalah Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mesin Gas (PLTMG).Pada penggunaan PLTMG dengan opsi dua jenis bahan bakar (dual fuel), dengan dua tangki penyimpanan (dual storage), kombinasi antara bahan bakar gas alam cair (Liquified Natural Gas/LNG) dan diesel (High Speed Diesel/HSD), salah satu alternatif yang dapat diidentifikasi adalah optimasi pada sisi manajemen persediaan LNG sebagai bahan bakar utama dan HSD sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Optimasi dapat dilakukan dengan cara menggunakan kombinasi yang optimal antara kapasitas tangki persediaan LNG dan kapasitas tangki persediaan HSD.Kombinasi yang optimal dapat diperoleh menggunakan model alternatif yang telah dikembangkan dari metode nilai ekuivalen biaya energi dalam bentuk seragam selama periode analisis (LCOE), untuk PLTMG yang menggunakan dua jenis bahan bakar, dengan dua tangki penyimpanan, kombinasi antara LNG dan HSD, yang telah dihasilkan pada penelitian tahap awal (seminar) yang telah dilakukan. Model alternatif yang telah dikembangkan, selanjutnya akan diuji validitasnya, sebelum digunakan dalam perhitungan. Menggunakan model yang telah divalidasi, selanjutnya dilakukan perhitungan keekonomian dan kelayakan investasi pembangkit listrik dengan menggunakan beberapa variasi kasus sebagai simulasi.Berdasarkan hasil simulasi kasus yang dilakukan, didapatkan bahwa kombinasi yang optimal, berdasarkan data referensi yang digunakan, adalah tangki LNG dengan kapasitas untuk durasi satu hari persediaan dan kapasitas tangki HSD untuk delapan hari persediaan. Optimasi pada sisi manajemen persediaan energi primer ini berhasil mereduksi besaran nilai LCOE, dari sebelumnya yang berada pada kisaran 0,0861 US$/kWh menjadi 0,0836 US$/kWh, dengan potensi penghematan sebesar 602.196,08 US$/tahun atau setara dengan Rp.8.205.523.808,46/tahun (kasus ke-9).

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Considering the locations in the region of the outer and/or isolated areas in Indonesia which also has the right to access the electricity, as well as with regard to the fact that the electrical energy demand in these areas is very varied and tend to be small, needs the power plants solutions that are modular, expandable capacity according to the demand growth in the future, has a good efficiency, the construction process is relatively fast and with a high success rate, and is capable of supporting existing operating patterns. One solution that can be utilized are the Gas Engine Power Plant (GEPP).On the use of GEPP with dual fuel option, with dual storage, a combination of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and High Speed Diesel (HSD), one of the alternatives that can be identified is the optimization of the supply management side of LNG as the main fuel and HSD as an alternative one. The optimization can be done by using the optimum combination between the capacity of the LNG supply tank and the tank capacity of HSD suppliesOptimal combinations can be obtained using alternative models that have been developed from the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) method, for dual fuel GEPP, with dual storage tanks, a combination of LNG and HSD, which has been developed at the early stage research (seminar). The alternative model has been developed, will be tested its validity, before being used in the calculation. Using a model that has been validated, the calculation of power plant economic feasibility will be done by using some variation of the case as a simulation.Based on the simulation results of cases performed, it was found that the optimum combination, based on the reference data being used, is in the capacity of the LNG tanks for the duration of one day of inventory and HSD tank capacity for eight days of inventory. Optimization on the side of the primary energy supply management, have managed the LCOE reduction, from earlier in the range of 0,0861 US $/kWh to 0,0836 US $/kWh, with potential savings of US $ 602.196,08/year, or equivalent to 8.205.523.808,46 Indonesian Rupiah/year (the 9th case)."

"Dalam rangka memenuhi tenaga listrik yang andal untuk masyarakat, UU Nomor 15 Tahun 1985 tentang Ketenagalistrikan telah memberikan kesempatan pihak selain PT PLN (Persero) untuk membantu memenuhi pasokan listrik yang andal kepada masyarakat dengan PT PLN selaku Pemegang Kuasa Usaha Ketenagalistrikan. Konsep penyediaan tenaga listrik pada UU Nomor 15 Tahun 1985 memiliki peraturan pelaksana yang telah jelas jika terdapat pengembang listrik selain PT PLN yang akan melakukan usaha penyediaan tenaga listrik. Ketentuan terkait usaha penyediaan yang dilakukan oleh pihak selain PT PLN masih belum diatur dengan baik terkait dengan wewenang, prosedur dan persyaratannya. Hal ini ditambahkan dengan banyaknya pihak terlibat dalam proses penerbitan Izin usaha untuk penyediaan tenaga listrik. Terlepas dari hal tersebut, kebijakan dari pemerintah selaku penerbit izin usaha tersebut pada masa UU Nomor 15 Tahun 1985 belum memiliki landasan yang baik dan belum terdapat pertimbangan-pertimbangan mengingat masih sedikitnya pengetahun pada kebijakan usaha penyediaan tenaga listrik untuk pengembang selain PT PLN. Dengan terbitnya UU Nomor 30 Tahun 2009 sebagai pengganti dari UU Nomor 15 Tahun 1985 tentang Ketenagalistrikan, hal terkait dengan kewenangan, prosedur dan persyaratan sudah mengalami penyederhanaan sejalan dengan diterbitkannya aturanaturan pelaksana baik dalam bentuk Peraturan Pemerintah maupun Peraturan Menteri. Keterlibatan pihak-pihak yang ikut serta dalam proses pemberian izin usaha untuk penyediaan tenaga listrik telah ditentukan dengan jelas dan mengalami perampingan. Kebijakan internal dan eksternal telah dibentuk terkait dengan izin usaha di bidang penyediaan tenaga listrik.

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In order to meet the reliable electric power to the public, the Law No. 15 Year 1985 concerning Electricity has provided the opportunity in parties other than PT PLN (Persero) to help meet a reliable supply of electricity to the community with PT PLN as the Holder of Business Authority. The concept of power supply to the Law No. 15 Year 1985 has been implementing regulations clearly if there is a power developers in addition to PT PLN will conduct electricity supply business. Provisions related to the provision of business conducted by a person other than PT PLN is still not well regulated associated with authority, procedures and requirements. It is added to the number of parties involved in the process of issuing business licenses for the supply of electric power.

Apart from this, the policy of the government as the issuer of the business license at the time of Act No. 15 Year1985 has not had a good grounding and yet there are considerations given the least knowledge in the electricity supply business policies for developers parties other than the PT PLN.

With the enactment of Law No. 30 of 2009 as a replacement of Act No. 15 of 1985 on Electricity, matters related to the authority, procedures and requirements have already been simplified in line with the issuance of the implementing rules in the form of government regulation and regulation.

The involvement of those who participated in the process of granting a business license for the supply of electricity has been clearly defined and experienced downsizing. Internal and external policies have been formed in relation to the business license in the field of power supply."