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"Biaya operasional di stasiun pengisian bahan bakar umum (SPBU) cukup tinggi, hal ini disebabkan biaya bahan bakar genset dan biaya listrik yang besar dengan kenaikan tarif dasar listrik (TDL) yang terus meningkat setiap tahun. Salah satu solusi untuk menekan biaya opersional sekaligus mengurangi emisi karbon dari sektor pembangkit adalah dengan memasang pembangkit listrik tenaga surya (PLTS) atap sistem grid-connection. Sekarang ini penggunaan sel surya makin giat dikembangkan terus sebagai salah satu alternatif sumber pembangkit energi listrik, walaupun biaya energinya masih tergolong mahal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi penggunaan dan penyerapan energi fotovoltaik sebagai sumber energi listrik ramah lingkungan dan mendapatkan kelayakan investasi PLTS atap sistem on-grid di SPBU. Kapasitas PLTS yang dipasangkan 15,36 kWp dengan pemanfaatan area atap SPBU. Dengan metoda pengukuran teknis dan perhitungan ekonomi maka berdasarkan data profil beban dan daya PLTS, biaya-biaya pengembangan sistem PLTS, dan konsumsi energi listrik pada SPBU diperoleh hasil energi yang diserap dari PLTS rata-rata sebesar 63%, NPV adalah Rp. 36.271.255,63; IRR sebesar 9,2% dan PBP selama 12,94 tahun, serta biaya energi PLTS Rp. 1.448,72 lebih rendah dibandingkan daripada TDL. Dengan pemasangan PLTS atap sistem yang terhubung dengan jaringan listrik PLN dapat diterapkan maka memberikan manfaat bagi pelanggan, biaya listrik menjadi lebih murah dengan penghematan tagihan 26%. Sehingga secara tekno ekonomi penerapan PLTS atap sistem on-grid layak dilaksanakan pada SPBU di Bekasi.

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The operational costs of the gas stations (SPBU) are great, which is because of the cost generator fuel and the great electricity costs with the annual rise in electricity tariffs. One solution to cut operational costs and hence cut down the system's carbon emissions is to install rooftop solar power generation on-grid systems (solar PV). Nowadays, the use of solar cells is raised as an alternative energy source; Still, the energy cost of solar PV is costly. This study purposes to optimize the use and absorption of photovoltaic energy as an environmentally friendly source of electrical energy and to look at the feasibility of installing in solar power systems on-grid roofing at gas stations. They settled in the size of the PV of 15.36 kW with to plant the gas station's rooftop space. Through the scientific assessment and computation methods IRR, NPV, and PBP then based on the capacity chart and energy of PV, solar power system costs, and electrical energy utilization of the gas station are supplying the power absorbed of the PV is 63%, the NPV is equal to Rp. 36,271,255.63; the IRR is 9.2% and the PBP is during 12.94 years and COE is Rp 1,448.72 lower than the electricity tariff. By this system drop out, so it delivers benefits to consumers; electricity costs become tighter than that before by bill savings is 26%. Therefore, it is useful to define technical economical solar PV at the gas station in Bekasi."

"Salah satu jenis bahan bakar alternatif yang berpotensi dapat dikembangkan dan mampu menyumbang angka bauran EBT secara signifikan adalah biomassa. Signifikansi bauran energi didapatkan dari penggunaan sistem co-firing pada Pusat Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) dengan mencampur bahan bakar batubara dengan biomassa seperti sawdust. Biomassa sawdust sebagai bahan co-firing PLTU sangat efisien karena mempunyai kandungan energi dan ketersediaan yang mudah dikelola. Penelitian bertujuan untuk membuat analisis teknik dan keekonomian biomassa sawdust sebagai bahan bakar padat PLTU Co-firing tipe boiler pulverized coal. Tahapan penelitian yaitu memetakan potensi biomassa sawdust untuk mengetahui ketersediaan potensi biomassa di sekitar lokasi PLTU Co-firing, menganalisa sisi teknis dan spesifikasi yang terdapat di bahan baku biomassa sawdust untuk mengetahui kecocokan atau kelayakan dengan spesifikasi PLTU tipe boiler pulverized coal, dan menganalisa kelayakan keekonomian pengembangan teknologi pengolahan biomassa sawdust untuk mengetahui biaya pokok produksi biomassa sawdust sehingga nantinya tidak berdampak secara teknis dan finansial khususnya pada kenaikan biaya pokok penyediaan pembangkit serta emisi lingkungan. Hasil dari potensi pemetaan biomassa dapat mengimplentasikan co-firing hingga 9,91 % dari rencana co-firing 5%. Analisa keekonomian menunjukkan bahwa usaha produksi biomassa sawdust layak dijalankan dengan parameter NPV 0 > Rp. 3.268.834.655, IRR 11,19% dan payback periode 7,35 tahun dengan harga biomassa Rp780.501/Ton. Perhitungan BPP co-firing biomassa yang disimulasikan tidak menaikan biaya BBP Pembangkitan karena terdapat selisih lebih kecil dari BBP Batubara sebesar Rp 0,55/kWh.

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One type of alternative fuel that has the potential to be developed and is able to contribute significantly to the NRE mix is biomass. The significance of the energy mix is obtained from the use of the co-firing system at the Steam Power Plant (PLTU) by mixing coal fuel with biomass such as sawdust. Sawdust biomass as co-firing material for PLTU is very efficient because it has energy content and availability that is easy to manage. The aim of this research is to analyze the technique and economics of sawdust biomass as solid fuel for Co-firing PLTU pulverized coal type boiler. The research stages are mapping the potential of sawdust biomass to determine the availability of potential biomass around the location of the Co-firing PLTU, analyzing the technical side and specifications contained in sawdust biomass raw materials to determine the suitability or feasibility of PLTU specifications for pulverized coal boiler type, and analyzing the economic feasibility of the development. sawdust biomass processing technology to determine the cost of production of sawdust biomass so that later it will not have a technical and financial impact, especially on the increase in the cost of providing power generation and environmental emissions. The results of the potential for mapping biomass can implement co-firing of up to 9.91% of the 5% co-firing plan. Economic analysis shows that the sawdust biomass production business is feasible with the NPV parameter >IDR. 3,268,834,655, IRR 11.19% and payback period of 7.35 years with a selling price of Rp780.501/MT. Calculation of simulated biomass co-firing BPP does not add to the cost of Generation BBP because the difference is smaller than Coal BBP of IDR 0.55/kWh."

"Meskipun hubungan antara akses energi bersih dan ketahanan pangan telah mendapat banyak perhatian secara global, studi empiris tentang hubungan antara energi dan ketahanan pangan masih langka. Menggunakan data rumah tangga di Indonesia dari 2018-2020, penelitian ini menganalisis dampak akses energi bersih terhadap ketahanan pangan rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia. Kajian ini menggunakan metode instrumental variabel (IV) untuk mengatasi permasalahan endogenitas akses energi bersih dengan menginstrumentasikan akses energi bersih dengan variabel jarak terhadap bangunan sejarah (jalan raya pos dan pelabuhan lama tahun 1934). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rumah tangga miskin dengan akses energi bersih memiliki ketahanan pangan 14,46% lebih tinggi dibandingkan rumah tangga miskin tanpa akses energi bersih. Dibandingkan dengan rumah tangga miskin di pedesaan, akses energi bersih bagi rumah tangga miskin di perkotaan memiliki dampak yang lebih besar terhadap tingkat ketahanan pangan rumah tangga. Temuan ini menyiratkan bahwa pemerintah harus terus memperluas ketersediaan akses energi bersih bagi masyarakat miskin untuk mendorong dan memperluas penggunaan energi bersih bagi masyarakat miskin dan meningkatkan ketahanan pangan keluarga berpenghasilan rendah.

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Although the relationship between access to clean energy and food security has received much attention globally, empirical studies on the relationship between energy and food security are still scarce. Using household data in Indonesia from 2018-2020, this study assesses the impact of access to clean energy on poor household food security. The study uses an instrumental variable method to overcome the endogeneity problem of access to clean energy by instrumenting access to clean energy with historical distance variables (old postal highway and old port in 1934). The results show that poor households with clean energy access have food security 14.46% higher than the poor household without clean energy access. Compared with rural households, access to clean energy for poor households in urban areas has a more significant impact on the household food security level. This finding implies that the government must continue to expand the availability of access into cleaning energy for the poor to promote and expand the use of clean energy for the poor and increase the food security of low-income families.

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"Recently, there was an increase in demand of biomass pellets as an alternative energy source. However, it is necessary to reduce the size of granular materials during the pelleting process. The size reduction of eucalyptus bark occurs in the industrial processing of biomass pellets production, using a hammer mill together with three sieve sizes of 3, 4, and 5 mm and the sieve speeds of 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 rpm, respectively, which have been examined at a feed rate of 80 kg/h. The aims of this study were to determine the important parameters, namely rotational speed, to determine suitable sieve size for reducing the size of eucalyptus bark, and to analyze energy usage in the size reduction process by using a hammer mill. The results have shown that using a 5 mm sieve size at 900 rpm sieve speed resulted in the best operating conditions in order to offer the highest capacity and lowest specific energy consumption. Moreover, the average particle size of 0.15 mm was an acceptable value. This study could be very beneficial in the development process to produce biomass pellets."

"Pemerintah menargetkan peningkatkan pemanfaatan energi terbarukan dari tahun ke tahun, di mana hal ini akan mengurangi penggunaan energi fosil sebagai bahan bakar pembangkit listrik konvensional. Agar ketergantungan terhadap energi fosil berkurang, biomassa dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi alternatif, salah satunya dengan menggunakan biomassa sebagai bahan bakar pembangkit listrik. Metode analisis ekonomi NPV, IRR, PI, Payback Period dan analisis risiko analisis sensitivitas dan simulasi Monte Carlo digunakan terhadap tiga skenario yang berbeda untuk menentukan kelayakan berdirinya PLTBm. Di dalam penelitian ini, digunakan tiga skenario dalam analisis keekonomian PLTBm. Skenario pertama dengan penyesuaian perjanjian jual beli listrik di Indonesia, skenario kedua berupa perbandingan jenis limbah sawit sebagai bahan baku, dan skenario ketiga berupa perbandingan teknologi pembangkitan listrik dari biomassa. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, untuk skenario pertama diperoleh NPV sebesar 1.142.273,75, IRR sebesar 12,05, payback period sebesar 8,09, dan profitability index sebesar 1,09. Untuk skenario kedua, diperoleh hasil hanya pembangkit listrik yang berbahan bakar cangkang yang feasible, sedangkan bahan bakar yang lain tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan fiber sawit memiliki nilai parameter keekonomian yang berada di bawah nilai layak. Untuk skenario ketiga, teknologi gasifikasi tidak layak karena diperoleh nilai NPV sebesar 144,223,27, IRR sebesar 11,14, payback period sebesar 9,528,53 tahun, dan profitability index sebesar 0,99. Berdasarkan hasil analisis risiko, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembangkit listrik berbahan bakar cangkang kelapa sawit layak untuk didirikan karena memiliki nilai certainty kemungkinan yang bernilai lebih dari 95 secara rata-rata, sedangkan berdasarkan hasil analisis sensitivitas, biaya converter system memiliki pengaruh yang paling besar dalam keekonomian pembangkit listrik.

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The government of Indonesia is planning to increase the utilization of renewable energy every year, where it will reduce the use of fossil energy as a fuel for conventional power generation. In order to reduce the dependence on fossil energy, biomass can be used as an alternative energy source, one of which is by using biomass as fuel for power plant. The methods of economic analysis NPV, IRR, PI, Payback Period and risk analysis Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis were used for three different scenarios to determine the feasibility for the establishment of power plant.

In this research, three scenarios are used in the economic analysis of biomass power plant. The first scenario is the adjustment of power purchase agreement in Indonesia, the second scenario is the comparison of palm wastes as raw material, and the third scenario is the comparison of electricity generation technology from biomass. Based on the calculation, the results for the first scenario are NPV of 1.142.273,75, IRR of 12,05, payback period of 8,09, and profitability index of 1,09. For the second scenario, palm shell is the only feasible fuel for biomass power plant, while the other fuels empty fruit bunch of palm and palm fiber have economical parameters that are below feasible value. For the third scenario, the gasification technology is not feasible because it has NPV of 144,223,27, IRR of 9,36 11,14, payback period of 8,53 year, and profitability index of 0,99.

Based on the results of risk analysis, it can be concluded that the palm shell based power plant is feasible to be established because it has certainty value which is more than 95 on average, while based on the sensitivity analysis results, the cost of converter system has the greatest effect in the economic value of power plants."