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Abstrak :
Dalam praktek kedudukan Para Pihak dalam suatu kontrak kerja konstruksi masih belum seimbang, antara lain disebabkan oleh: begitu banyaknya jumlah Penyedia Jasa yang mengakibatkan penawaran jauh lebih besar daripada permintaan, tidak adanya standar baku kontrak kerja konstruksi di Indonesia yang dipakai umum dan ditaati dalam setiap pekerjaan konstruksi di Indonesia, Penyiapan kontrak kerja konstruksi yang disiapkan oleh Pengguna Jasa, Penyedia Jasa hanya memiliki waktu yang relatif singkat untuk mempelajari kontrak kerja konstruksi, budaya yang menganggap Pengguna Jasa lebih berkuasa daripada Penyedia Jasa, dan latar belakang perseorangan dari pelaku pekerjaan konstruksi yang kurang memahami hukum. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengupayakan kedudukan yang lebih seimbang antara para pihak dalam kontrak kerja konstruksi di Indonesia, dapat dibagi berdasarkan urutan waktunya, yaitu: Pertama, dalam Masa Pra-Kontrak, dengan mempelajari kontrak serta menegosiasikan pada saat aanwijzing. Namun hal ini terkendala permasalahan jangka waktu yang relatif singkat, ditambah lagi budaya yang menganggap kontrak kurang penting. Kedua, Dalam Masa Kontrak, yaitu dengan melakukan Negosiasi, dan jika menjadi sengketa, maka diselesaikan melalui mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa yang disepakati. Selain itu, LKPP mempunyai fungsi advokasi, dengan memediasikan dan memberikan masukan kepada para pihak. Selain itu, terdapat juga asas-asas hukum perjanjian seperti Unidroit Principles dan Lex Mercatoria yang dapat diterapkan untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah ketidakseimbangan kedudukan para pihak dalam kontrak kerja konstruksi di Indonesia, seperti Freedom of Contract, Sanctity of Contract (Pacta Sunt Servanda), Good Faith and Fair Dealing, Mandatory Laws, mengenai Kekeliruan (Mistake), Penipuan (Fraud), Ancaman dan Paksaan, serta Gross Disparity.

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In practice the position of the Parties in a construction contract is still not balanced, this can be caused by: the large number of construction companies which resulted in much greater offer than the demand, the lack of standards for construction contracts in Indonesia that is commonly used and adhered to in each Indonesian construction projects, preparation of construction contract that is prepared by the Owner, the relatively limited time to learn the construction contract by the contractors, a culture that considers the owner has more power than the contractor, and the background of the individual actors in the construction business who do not understand the construction law. Efforts should be made to seek a more balanced position between the parties in a construction contract in Indonesia, can be divided in order of time, which are: First, in the precontract period, to study the contract and negotiate the clauses at the clarification time. However, it is constrained problems of relatively short period of time, plus a culture from the contractor that considers the less concern of the contract. Secondly, in the contract period, efforts can be made by negotiations, and if it becomes a dispute, then resolved through the agreed dispute resolution mechanism. In addition, Indonesia already has the National Public Procurement Agency (Lembaga Pengadaan Barang/Jasa Pemerintah/LKPP) that has advocacy function, through mediate and provide input to the parties. In addition to that, there are also the principles of contract law as in Lex Mercatoria and UNIDROIT Principles that can be applied to solve the problems of imbalance position of the parties in a construction contract in Indonesia, such as the Freedom of Contract, Sanctity of Contract (Pacta Sunt servanda), Good Faith and Fair Dealing, Mandatory Laws, Mistake, Fraud, Threats and Coercion, as well as the Gross Disparity.

Abstrak :
Perwakilan Negara Asing adalah tempat dimana perwakilan diplomatik atau pemimpin konsulat dari negara lain ditempatkan secara permanen di suatu negara. Adapun fungsi yang paling umum dari sebuah Perwakilan Negara Asing adalah sebagai perwakilan dari negara pengirim di negara penerima dan sebagai penghubung resmi dari kedua negara tersebut. Di Indonesia, pada praktiknya hampir semua Perwakilan Negara Asing mempekerjakan pegawai lokal (local staffs) di kantornya dengan suatu perjanjian kerja. Namun, di dalam Undang- Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan, tidak ada diatur secara eksplisit mengenai apakah Perwakilan Negara Asing termasuk ke dalam definisi pemberi kerja atau tidak. Hal ini berdampak pada pelaksanaan perjanjian kerja yang dibuat oleh Perwakilan Negara Asing dengan pegawai lokal (local staffs) tersebut ketika terjadi suatu sengketa. Perwakilan Negara Asing menolak untuk memberlakukan hukum Indonesia oleh karena Perwakilan Negara Asing memiliki yurisdiksi ekstrateritorial yang membuat Perwakilan Negara Asing tersebut dapat menerapkan yurisdiksi negara pengirimnya dalam wilayah negara penerima. Skripsi ini membahas kedudukan hukum Perwakilan Negara Asing di Indonesia dalam kaitannya dengan pembuatan perjanjian kerja dengan pegawai lokal (local staffs). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, dimana alat pengumpulan datanya adalah studi dokumen, yang terjadi dari bahan hukum primer dan sekunder.

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Foreign State Representative is a body where foreign diplomatic or consulate representatives are permanently stationed in a country. The main role of this body is to represent the sending state officially in the receiving state. In Indonesia, almost all Foreign State Representatives practically employ local staffs in their offices through employment contract. However, based on Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, no provisions explicitly state whether Foreign State Representatives are included in the definition of 'employers' or not. This matter somehow influences the implementation of the employment contract that the Representatives create along with local staffs whenever any disputes arise between those parties. Foreign State Representatives refuse to apply Indonesian law because they have extraterritorial jurisdiction which makes them able to apply the sending state`s law in the receiving state. This thesis discusses about the legal status of Foreign State Representatives in Indonesia in accordance with the creation of employment contract with local staffs. The method used in this research is normative juridical method and the data analysis tools are document study.

Abstrak :
Berakhirnya hubungan hukum antara pekerja dengan perusahaan dapat terjadi sewaktu-waktu karena adanya pemutusan hubungan kerja (PHK). PHK merupakan bentuk pengakhiran hubungan kerja yang disebabkan oleh suatu hal tertentu dan berdampak pada pengakhiran hak beserta kewajiban antara pekerja dan perusahaan. Akan tetapi, pelaksanaan dari PHK sering kali menimbulkan perselisihan, khususnya bagi pekerja yang tidak mendapatkan kompensasi PHK secara penuh. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis praktik pemotongan kompensasi PHK akibat dugaan pekerja melakukan penggelapan uang hasil penjualan produk oleh perusahaan, serta praktik PHK dengan alasan efisiensi, berdasarkan Putusan Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial Pada Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat No. 136/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2020/PN.Jkt.Pst.. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian doktrinal dengan pendekatan undang-undang dan kasus, kemudian alat pengumpulan data menggunakan studi dokumen. Hasil analisis dalam skripsi ini menunjukkan bahwa pemotongan kompensasi PHK memerlukan bukti yang cukup atas dugaan pelanggaran oleh pekerja, yang dalam kasus ini tidak terbukti. Dengan demikian, untuk menghindari ketidakpastian hukum, diperlukan kontribusi perusahaan dalam menyusun peraturan perusahaan dan pemerintah dalam merumuskan peraturan perundang-undangan yang komprehensif untuk melindungi hak-hak kompensasi pekerja dalam praktik perselisihan PHK. ......The end of the working relationship between workers and companies can offcur at any time due to termination of employment (PHK). PHK is a form of termination of working relation caused by a certain matter and has an impact on the termination of rights and obligations between workers and companies. However, the implementation of PHK often causes disputes, especially for workers who do not get full PHK compensation. This thesis aims to analyze the practice of PHK compensation deduction due to allegations of workers embezzling money from product sales by the company, as well as the practice of PHK on the grounds of efficiency, based on the Decision of the Industrial Relations Court at the Central Jakarta District Court No. 136/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2020/PN.Jkt.Pst.. The research method used is doctrinal research with a statutory and case approach, then the data collection tool uses document study. The results of the analysis in this thesis show that withholding compensation for PHK requires sufficient evidence of alleged violations by workers, which in this case was not proven. Therefore, the panel of judges decided that the company was obliged to fulfill the workers' termination compensation as a form of legal consequence of the implementation of the termination. Therefore, to avoid legal uncertainty, the contribution of companies in drafting company regulations and the government in formulating comprehensive laws and regulations is required for protect workers compensation rights in the practice of PHK disputes.

Abstrak :
[Skripsi ini membahas tentang simulasi perhitungan model kontrak PSC lama dan kontrak PSC baru. Skripsi ini juga membahas mengenai hasil simulasi kontrak karya dan kontrak jasa apabila diterapkan di Indonesia. Skripsi ini menemukan bahwa kontrak karya apabila diterapkan di Indonesia akan memberikan arus kas bersih yang lebih kompetitif dan prospektif dibanding jenis kontrak lainnya. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah harus dapat memikirkan untuk dapat mengubah desain model kontrak migas PSC menjadi kontrak karya dalam rangka meningkatkan penerimaan negara dari industri migas.;The focus of the study is to simulate the calculation of old establishment of PSC contract and new establishment of PSC contract in Indonesia. The study also provides simulation of concessionary contract and service contract if government is willing to apply these contracts in Indonesian oil industry. The study finds out that if Indonesia applies concessionary contract, the probability of gaining more oil revenues are both prospectively and competitively attainable. Therefore, Indonesian government should think to revise production sharing contract system to concessionary contract system in order to respond the declining performance of oil industry and possibility of gaining more government take over oil and gas industry over the life span.;The focus of the study is to simulate the calculation of old establishment of PSC contract and new establishment of PSC contract in Indonesia. The study also provides simulation of concessionary contract and service contract if government is willing to apply these contracts in Indonesian oil industry. The study finds out that if Indonesia applies concessionary contract, the probability of gaining more oil revenues are both prospectively and competitively attainable. Therefore, Indonesian government should think to revise production sharing contract system to concessionary contract system in order to respond the declining performance of oil industry and possibility of gaining more government take over oil and gas industry over the life span.;The focus of the study is to simulate the calculation of old establishment of PSC contract and new establishment of PSC contract in Indonesia. The study also provides simulation of concessionary contract and service contract if government is willing to apply these contracts in Indonesian oil industry. The study finds out that if Indonesia applies concessionary contract, the probability of gaining more oil revenues are both prospectively and competitively attainable. Therefore, Indonesian government should think to revise production sharing contract system to concessionary contract system in order to respond the declining performance of oil industry and possibility of gaining more government take over oil and gas industry over the life span., The focus of the study is to simulate the calculation of old establishment of PSC contract and new establishment of PSC contract in Indonesia. The study also provides simulation of concessionary contract and service contract if government is willing to apply these contracts in Indonesian oil industry. The study finds out that if Indonesia applies concessionary contract, the probability of gaining more oil revenues are both prospectively and competitively attainable. Therefore, Indonesian government should think to revise production sharing contract system to concessionary contract system in order to respond the declining performance of oil industry and possibility of gaining more government take over oil and gas industry over the life span.]