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Abstrak :
Migrasi mempengaruhi perkembangan sumber daya manusia, termasuk anak-anak. Meski migrasi berpotensi meningkatkan kesejahteraan keluarga, namun dampaknya terhadap perkembangan anak-anak yang tertinggal masih menjadi pertanyaan. Anak-anak yang ditinggalkan oleh orang tuanya untuk bermigrasi merupakan kelompok yang rentan terhadap masalah selama tumbuh kembangnya. Kemampuan kognitif mungkin terganggu jika orang tua bermigrasi. Tesis ini membahas tentang pengaruh migrasi orang tua terhadap perkembangan kognitif anak tertinggal dengan menggunakan data IFLS 4 dan 5. Dari estimasi model OLS diketahui bahwa ketidakhadiran orang tua akibat migrasi oleh ayah berpengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan kognitif anak. Sedangkan migrasi ibu berpengaruh negatif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap skor kognitif anak. Sedangkan model 2SLS menjelaskan pengaruh migrasi orang tua dan kognitif anak melalui jalur peningkatan kesejahteraan keluarga. Hasilnya, migrasi ayah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap peningkatan pengeluaran rumah tangga, dimana peningkatan pengeluaran ini dapat sangat meningkatkan kecerdasan anak. Terakhir, penelitian ini juga membuktikan bahwa kemampuan kognitif anak juga dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik dan masukan anak saat lahir, keluarga, dan kondisi sosial ekonomi ...... Migration affects the development of human resources, including children. Although migration has the potential to improve family welfare, its impact on the development of children who are left behind is still a question. Children who are left by their parents to migrate are a group that is vulnerable to problems during their development. Cognitive abilities may be impaired if parents migrate. This thesis discusses the effect of parental migration on the cognitive development of underdeveloped children using IFLS 4 and 5 data. From the estimation of the OLS model, it is known that the absence of parents due to migration by fathers has a positive effect on children's cognitive abilities. Meanwhile, maternal migration has a negative but not significant effect on children's cognitive scores. Meanwhile, the 2SLS model explains the effect of parent and child cognitive migration through the pathway of increasing family welfare. As a result, father migration has a positive and significant effect on increasing household expenditure, where this increase in expenditure can greatly increase children's intelligence. Finally, this study also proves that children's cognitive abilities are also influenced by the characteristics and input of children at birth, family, and socio-economic conditions.

Abstrak :
Keterampilan sosial bagi anak usia dini penting untuk menentukan kesuksesan anak dalam akademik, berhubungan sosial, dan berfungsi sosial. Berdasarkan Early Childhood Development Index tahun 2018, nilai kemampuan sosial emosional anak usia dini di Indonesia berada di bawah angka 70. Sementara itu, perkembangan emosional dan perilaku (emotional and behavioural development) termasuk salah satu dimensi yang perlu dipenuhi dalam memenuhi kesejahteraan dan perlindungan anak. Skripsi ini membahas penanaman sosial emosional anak usia dini yang dilakukan oleh TK Ar Rahman Islamic School dengan melibatkan orang tua peserta didik dari perspektif Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial, melihat bagaimana penanaman sosial emosional tersebut dapat memenuhi kesejahteraan sosial anak. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui wawancara dan studi dokumentasi. Informan dipilih dengan metode purposive sampling. Wawancara melibatkan 6 informan yang terdiri dari Kepala Sekolah, guru kelas, dan orang tua peserta didik yang tergabung dalam Parent Teacher Association (PTA) tahun 2023/2024. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini berlangsung dari bulan Mei hingga Juni 2024. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penanaman keterampilan sosial anak usia dini yang dilakukan oleh TK Ar Rahman Islamic School dilakukan dengan cara mengajarkan anak dalam mengenal emosi dan berekspresi, berinteraksi, dan berperilaku positif terhadap diri sendiri dan lingkungannya. Sementara itu, keterlibatan orang tua terhadap penanaman keterampilan sosial anak usia dini di TK Ar Rahman Islamic School berupa terlibat dalam kegiatan “Guest Teacher” guna mengajarkan interaksi dan perilaku positif kepada anak. Keterlibatan tersebut termaskuk tipe parenting dan volunteering. Penanaman keterampilan sosial anak usia dini dengan melibatkan orang tua peserta didik di TK Ar Rahman Islamic School berkontribusi dalam upaya memenuhi dimensi perkembangan emosional dan perilaku dalam kerangka kerja kesejahteraan anak dan perlindungan anak dan sebagai bentuk kolaborasi lembaga pendidikan anak usia dini dengan orang tua dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan sosial. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan sumbangsih bagi Program Studi Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial pada mata kuliah Kesejahteraan Anak dan Perlindungan Anak & Tingkah Laku Manusia dan Lingkungan Sosial berupa gambaran tentang perkembangan sosial dan emosional anak usia dini. ......Social skills for early childhood are crucial in determining a child's success in academics, social relationships, and social functioning. According to the 2018 Early Childhood Development Index, the socio-emotional abilities of early childhood children in Indonesia are below 70. Meanwhile, emotional and behavioral development is one of the dimensions that need to be fulfilled to ensure the well-being and protection of children. This thesis discusses the fostering of socio-emotional skills in early childhood carried out by Ar Rahman Islamic School Kindergarten by involving parents of students from the perspective of Social Welfare Science, examining how this socio-emotional nurturing can fulfill children's social welfare. The research method used in this study is a qualitative research approach with descriptive research type. The research data were obtained through interviews and documentation studies. Informants were selected using purposive sampling method. The interviews involved 6 informants consisting of the Principal, classroom teachers, and parents of students who are members of the Parent Teacher Association (PTA) for the 2023/2024 academic year. Data collection for this research took place from May to June 2024. The results of this study show that the fostering of social skills in early childhood conducted by Ar Rahman Islamic School Kindergarten involves teaching children to recognize and express emotions, interact, and exhibit positive behavior towards themselves and their environment. Meanwhile, parental involvement in fostering social skills in early childhood at Ar Rahman Islamic School Kindergarten includes participating in the "Guest Teacher" activities to teach interaction and positive behavior to children. This involvement includes types of parenting and volunteering. Fostering social skills in early childhood by involving parents of students at Ar Rahman Islamic School Kindergarten contributes to meeting the dimensions of emotional and behavioral development within the framework of child welfare and child protection and serves as a form of collaboration between early childhood education institutions and parents in enhancing social welfare. This research is expected to contribute to the Social Welfare Science Program in the courses of Child Welfare and Child Protection & Human Behavior and Social Environment by providing an overview of the social and emotional development of early childhood children.