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Abstrak :
Peningkatan persentase resistensi antimikroba (AMR) yang cukup tinggi di Indonesia disebabkan oleh penggunaan antimikroba yang tidak tepat, terutama dalam pelayanan kesehatan. Salah satu cara untuk mengatasi AMR adalah dengan mengoptimalkan penggunaan antibiotik. Maka dari itu, diperlukan evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan untuk memastikan optimalisasi penggunaan antibiotik tersebut. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik secara kuantitatif dengan metode ATC/DDD di Puskesmas Kelurahan Kampung Melayu pada periode 2021. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara retrospektif dengan menggunakan data sekunder berupa Laporan Pemakaian dan Lembar Permintaan Obat (LPLPO) periode 2021 milik Puskesmas Kelurahan Kampung Melayu yang diperoleh dari arsip LPLPO di Puskesmas Kecamatan Jatinegara. Data diolah menggunakan Microsoft Excel 2022 berdasarkan jenis antibiotik, rute pemberian, dan klasifikasi ATC yang telah ditetapkan oleh WHO. Setelah itu dihitung total kekuatan antibiotik yang digunakan, serta analisis kuantitatif menggunakan metode DDD/1000 penduduk/hari. Berdasarkan persentase pemakaian dan nilai DDD/1000 penduduk/hari, lima antibiotik yang paling banyak digunakan yaitu Amoksisilin (52,78%; 0,4284 DDD), Azitromisin (18,86%; 0,1531 DDD), Siprofloksasin (8,08%; 0,0655 DDD), Sefadroksil (5,85%; 0,0475 DDD), dan Doksisiklin (5,09%; 0,0413 DDD). Jumlah total penggunaan antibiotik di Puskesmas Kelurahan Kampung Melayu selama tahun 2021 yaitu sebesar 6228,80 DDD dan 0,8116 DDD/1000 penduduk/hari. ......The increase in the percentage of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Indonesia is relatively high and primarily caused by inappropriate use of antimicrobials, especially in healthcare services. One way to address AMR is by optimizing the use of antibiotics. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the use of antibiotics in healthcare facilities to ensure their optimal use. This study quantitatively evaluated antibiotic usage using the ATC/DDD method at the Puskesmas Kelurahan Kampung Melayu during the period 2021. Data collection was done retrospectively using secondary data, specifically the Drug Use and Request Form (LPLPO) for 2021, obtained from the archives of the Puskesmas Kecamatan Jatinegara. The data were processed using Microsoft Excel 2022, categorized by antibiotic type, administration route, and WHO-established ATC classification. Subsequently, the total antibiotic strength used was calculated, and quantitative analysis was performed using the DDD/1000 inhabitants/day method. Based on the percentage of usage and DDD/1000 inhabitants/day values, the five most commonly used antibiotics were Amoxicillin (52.78%; 0.4284 DDD), Azithromycin (18.86%; 0.1531 DDD), Ciprofloxacin (8.08%; 0.0655 DDD), Cefadroxil (5.85%; 0.0475 DDD), and Doxycycline (5.09%; 0.0413 DDD). The total amount of antibiotics used at the Puskesmas Kelurahan Kampung Melayu in 2021 was 6228.80 DDD and 0.8116 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day.

Abstrak :
Penyebaran mikroba yang resisten terhadap pengobatan merupakan tantangan kesehatan masyarakat yang menyeluruh, yang akan menurunkan efektivitas obat dan mengakibatkan tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian serta bertambahnya biaya pengobatan. Pengawasan resistensi obat antimikrobial melalui laporan data tentang pola resistensi mikroba terhadap suatu antimikroba akan berguna untuk mencegah timbulnya resistensi. Pada studi ini akan dilaporkan tentang pola resistensi mikroba terhadap ceftriaxone dalam 4 tahun terakhir. Data yang dilaporkan ini berasal dari spesimen yang diperiksa di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik, Departemen Mikrobiologi FKUI dari tahun 2002 sampai dengan 2005. Spesies mikroba ditentukan melalui kultur dan uji identifikasi. Disc Diffussion Methods digunakan untuk uji sensitivitas ceftriaxone terhadap 14 bakteri Gram-negatif dan 7 bakteri Gram-positif. Hasilnya memperlihatkan, walaupun angka resistensi mikroba terhadap ceftriaxone meningkat dari tahun 2002 sampai 2005, tetapi secara umum masih kurang dari 50%. Angka resistensi yang rendah (< 3%) terlihat untuk Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Shigella flexneri, Serratia marcescens, dan Streptococcus pneumoniae. Hasil ini dapat digunakan untuk menyusun pedoman penggunaan ceftriaxone di Indonesia.

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Abstract
The spread of drug resistant microbes is a global public health challenge which impairs the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and causes substantial increase in morbidity and mortality rates, including healthcare-associated costs. Monitoring of antimicrobial drug resistance from documented microbial epidemiology & resistance rate is useful in preventing the emergence of resistance. This study reports on the pattern of bacterial resistance against ceftriaxone in the past 4 years. The data were obtained from specimens examined in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia from 2002 to 2005. Microbial species were determined from culture and identification tests. Disc diffusion method was used for sensitivity testing of ceftriaxone to 14 Gram-negative and 7 Gram-positive bacteria. Although resistance rates were increased from 2002 to 2005, resistance rates of ceftriaxone were found to be less than 50%. Low resistance rates (< 3%) were observed for Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Shigella flexneri, Serratia marcescens, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. These results could be useful in developing guidelines on the use of ceftriaxone in Indonesia.

Abstrak :
This book, which is the translated version of a Swedish book, combines a general introduction of a variety of antibiotics with a more in-depth discussion of resistance. The focus on resistance in learning about antibiotics will help future scientists recognize the problem antibiotics resistance poses for medicinal and drug-related fields, and perhaps trigger more research and discoveries to fight antibiotic resistant strains. Current overviews of the topic are included, along with specific discussions on the individual mechanisms (betalactams, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, etc) used in various antibacterial agents and explanations of how resistances to those develop. Methods for counteracting resistance development in bacteria are discussed as well.

Abstrak :
Kasus TB RO menyebabkan beban pengendalian penyakit TB menjadi bertambah. Adanya penurunan angka keberhasilan pengobatan dari tahun 2010 (67,9%) menjadi 51,1% tahun 2013 dan peningkatan kasus pasien putus berobat mendorong Indonesia menerapkan pengobatan jangka pendek untuk meningkatkan angka keberhasilan pengobatan TB RO dan menurunkan kasus pasien putus berobat. Penelitian ini melihat hasil pengobatan TB RO dan faktor yang berhubungan dengan hasil pengobatan regimen pendek di Indonesia tahun 2017 menggunakan desain penelitian kohort retrospektif. Menggunakan data pasien TB RO yang tercatat dalam e-TB manager berusia ≥15 tahun yang telah menyelesaikan pengobatan regimen pendek maksimal pada bulan November 2018. Didapatkan 223 kasus dengan 46,6% sembuh, 26,5 % putus berobat, 4,9% pengobatan lengkap, 14,2 meninggal, 6,3% gagal dan 1,3% lainnya. Usia, jenis kelamin, riwayat pengobatan sebelumnya, jenis resistensi, status HIV, status diabetes mellitus dan status kavitas paru secara statistik tidak berhubungan dengan hasil pengobatan regimen pendek. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan hasil pengobatan regimen pendek ialah resisten terhadap amikasin (RR 7.4; 95% CI 4.68-17.29), ofloksasin (RR 28; 95% CI 2.8-279.5), dan kanamisin (RR 9; 95% CI 4.68-17.29), dan interval inisiasi pengobatan > 7 hari (RR 0.307; CI 0.09-0.98). ...... The case of drug-resistant tuberculosis causes the burden of controlling TB disease to increase. The decline in treatment success rates from 2010 (67.9%) to 51.1% in 2013 and an increase in cases of patients dropped out encouraged Indonesia to apply short-term treatment to increase the success rate of DR-TB treatment and reduce cases of patients dropped out. This study aims to look the results of DR-TB treatment and factors related to treatment outcomes for short regimens in Indonesia in 2017 using a retrospective cohort study design. Using data on DR-TB patients recorded in the e-TB manager aged ≥15 years who have completed treatment for the maximum short regimen in November 2018. There were 223 cases with 46.6% cured, 26.5% dropped out, 4.9% completed, 14.2 died, 6.3% failed and 1.3% others. Age, gender, previous treatment history, type of resistance, HIV status, DM status and lung cavity status were not statistically related to the results of treatment of short regimens. Factors related to the results of treatment of short regimens were resistant to amikacin (RR 7.4; 95% CI 4.68-17.29), ofloxacin (RR 28; 95% CI 2.8-279.5), kanamycin (RR 9; 95% CI 4.68-17.29), and treatment initiation interval >7 days (RR 0.307; CI 0.09-0.98).

Abstrak :
This book describes antibiotic resistance amongst pathogenic bacteria. It starts with an overview of the erosion of the efficacy of antibiotics by resistance and the decrease in the rate of replacement of redundant compounds. The origins of antibiotic resistance are then described. It is proposed that there is a large bacterial resistome which is a collection of all resistance genes and their precursors in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Ongoing resistance surveillance programs are also discussed, together with the perspective of a clinical microbiologist. The book then turns to specific themes such as the most serious area of resistance in pathogens, namely in Gram-negative organisms. The role of combinations of antibiotics in combating resistance emergence is discussed, particularly in the tuberculosis field, and then the importance of non-multiplying and persistent bacteria which are phenotypically resistant to antibiotics and prolong the duration of therapy of antibiotics which leads to poor compliance and resistance emergence. The role of anti-microbial compounds in textiles is covered, with its potential to exacerbate the spread of resistance. Then, efflux pumps are discussed. The final chapter describes the compounds which are in late stage clinical development, illustrating the paucity of the antibiotic pipeline, especially for Gram-negative bacteria.