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Abstrak :
Disease control by Rhozoctonia solani on a number of plantspecies has been carried out. Banded leaf and sheath bligt caused by R.solani on com has become increasingly severe and economically thratened com plants in several countries of Asia and other parts of the world......

Abstrak :
Pandemi Covid-19 membawa tantangan terhadap bagaimana pandanangan hukum internasional menanggapi penyebaran penyakit menular melalui penerbangan internasional. Dalam menanggapi penyeabran penyakit menular, negara-negara memberlakukan serangkaian kebijakan untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit tersebut, termasuk dalam menanggapi Covid-19. Salah satu kebijakan yang dilakukan adalah pembatasan penerbangan sipil internasional. Fenomena tersebut perlu dilihat baik dari sudut pandang hukum udara internasional melalui Konvensi Chicago 1944 maupun dari sudut pandang hukum kesehatan internasional melalui International Health Regulations 2005. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini menganalisis bagaimana ketentuan hukum internasional pada pencegahan penyakit menular melalui penerbangan internasional, praktik-praktik terdahulu terkait dengan pembatasan penerbangan internasional untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit menular, dan pandangan hukum internasional terhadap penanganan Covid-19 dalam konteks lalu lintas dan penerbangan internasional. Dalam menganalisis permasalahan tersebut, peneltian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif untuk menjelaskan peran dari aturan-aturan yang ada dan praktik terdahulu terkait dengan pembatasan penerbangan internasional dalam mencegah penyakit menular. Penelitian ini menggunakan referensi baik dari Konvensi Chicago 1944, International Health Regulations 2005, maupun panduan serta pendoman dari organisasi internasional terkait. Hasil yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa sebagian besar kebijakan yang diambil oleh negara-negara telah merefleksikan ketentuan dalam Konvensi Chicago 1944 maupun International Health Regulations 2005. Walaupun demikian, beberapa kebijakan seperti pembatasan penerbangan dari negara-negara tertentu, perlu dilihat kembali agar dapat merefleksikan isi dari Konvensi Chicago 1944 maupun Internaitonal Health Regulations 2005. ......Covid-19 pandemic has brought challenges towards how international law views and responds towards the spread of communicable disease through international flight. In responding towards the spread of communicable disease, states imposed a series of policies to prevent the spread of such disease, including Covid-19. One of those policies is through flight restrictions. This phenomenon needs to be viewed from the perspective of international air law through Chicago Convention 1944 and from the perspective of International Health Regulations 2005. Therefore, this research analyze how international law regulates the prevention of the spread of communicable disease, previous policies regarding flight restrictions to prevent the spread of communicable disease, and how international law views the response towards Covid-19 from the context of international flight and traffic. This research uses refferences Chicago Convention 1944, International Health Regulations 2005, and subsequent documents from related inernational organizations. This research finds that most of the policy that states implemented has reflected the regulation under Chicago Convention 1944 and International Health Regulations 2005. Although most of the policies has been reflected, several policies that states implemented, such as travel restrictions from specified countries, needs to be reviewed in order to truly reflect both the Chicago Convention 1944 and International Health Regulations 2005.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Hotspot merupakan daerah yang memiliki intensitas kejadian yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan daerah lain dalam suatu lokasi tertentu. Manfaat dari pendeteksian hotspot adalah memberikan informasi terkait daerah yang memiliki intensitas kejadian paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan lokasi sekitarnya. Upper Level Set (ULS) Scan Statistic adalah salah satu metode pendeteksian hotspot yang merupakan pengembangan dari scan statistic. Daerah yang ingin dideteksi adalah daerah di Jawa Tengah Tahun 2015 untuk kasus penyakit menular. Keberadaan penyakit menular harus mendapat perhatian lebih dibandingkan dengan penyakit tidak menular. Hal ini disebabkan karena penyakit menular cepat berkembang dengan pesat sehingga angka kesakitan maupun kematian terus bertambah. Salah satu cara untuk memutus mata rantai penyebaran penyakit tersebut dengan mengetahui dimana daerah yang memiliki tingkat intensitas tertinggi penyebaran penyakit tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2015. Hasil pendeteksian hotspot dapat dijadikan bahan masukan untuk instansi pemerintahan untuk dapat mengambil tindakan sehingga tingkat kesehatan yang rendah dapat diminimalisir. Kasus yang diperhatikan adalah jumlah kasus HIV, malaria, DBD, dan campak yang diasumsikan berdistribusi poisson.

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ABSTRACT
Hotspot is an area that has an unusual case occurrence compared to other areas in a certain location. The benefit of hotspot detection is to provide information related to the area that has the highest cases intensity compared to the surrounding area. Upper Level Set (ULS) scan statistic is one of hotspot detection method which is further development of Kulldorf's scan statistic. To do the detection area hotspot is an area that has an infectious disease cases in Central Java for 2015. Hotspot detection was performed in the area Central Java province which has communicable disease issue in 2015. The existence of a communicable disease should gain more attention than non-communicable diseases since it could spread quickly so that morbidity and mortality number increase rapidly as the consequence. One of the solutions to stop the spread of a certain communicable disease is to detect the area which is the most severe. This study used secondary data obtained from the Central Java Provincial Health Office in 2015. The results of hotspot detection can be used as recommendation for government agencies to take precise action for upgrading people health quality. The data analyzed in this study were the number of cases of HIV, AIDS, Malaria and dengue and assumed to have Poisson distribution.

Abstrak :
This book attempts to set communicable diseases and the efforts to control them in a social and historical context. The primary focus is on England with its particular history, culture and traditions. The timescale covered is extensive and ambitious, and the many strands that came together in the nineteenth century to form the English public health service are clearly highlighted. However the main emphasis of the narrative is on developments from the second world war onwards, in some of which the author has had a degree of personal involvement as a schoolchild, medical student, hospital doctor, army doctor and public health physician.

Abstrak :
The outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa shocked the world as the disease spread rapidly from its origin to neighboring countries, Europe, and North America while the systems in place to handle such an epidemic failed. The United Nations, the World Health Organization, and major international humanitarian organizations scrambled to respond as thousands died and infections spiraled out of control. All are now contemplating: What went wrong, and how do we stop it from happening again? Global Management of Infectious Disease After Ebola is the first and most comprehensive volume to address these questions. It brings together the analyses and retrospectives of diplomats, scholars, and advocates studying from afar, as well as those of physicians and front-line responders who witnessed the epidemic sweep through already poor, devastated countries as their nascent health systems collapsed. The volume assesses not only the global response to Ebola but also current and emerging infectious disease threats, changes in the global system to handle them, and the critical ethics and human rights issues that will shape the next episode in the perpetual struggle against infectious disease.