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Abstrak :
Dinoflagellata merupakan organisme eukariotik yang memiliki karakteristik khusus seperti adanya flagellar dan klorofil. Dinoflagellata toxin producer menghasilkan racun salah satunya yaitu Ciguatoksin penyebab Ciguatera Fish Poisonig (CFP). Taman Wisata Perairan (TWP) Gili Meno, Gili Air, dan Gili Trawangan yang umum disebut dengan Gili Matra, merupakan perairan laut yang berada di Kabupaten Lombok Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengidentifikasi, menganalisis kelimpahan, menganalisis dominansi, dan menganalisis korelasi antara parameter lingkungan dengan dinoflagellata bentik penyebab CFP yang menempati substrat buatan di Perairan Gili Matra. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah substrat buatan dan analisis data menggunakan indeks kekayaan, kemerataan, keanekaragaman, dominansi serta korelasi Spearman. Teramati genus Amphidinium, Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostropsis, dan Prorocentrum. Hasil perhitungan keseluruhan indeks berada pada kriteria rendah hingga sedang. Korelasi positif terlihat pada 5 dari 12 parameter lingkungan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini, terdapat korelasi positif antara parameter suhu, TSS, DO, nitrit, dan amonia terhadap kelimpahan dinoflagellata bentik, kelimpahan sel dinoflagellata bentik tertinggi didominasi oleh dinoflagellata dari genus Coolia. ......Dinoflagellates are eukaryotic organisms that have special characteristics such as the presence of flagellar and chlorophyll. Dinoflagellate toxin producers produce toxins, one of which is Ciguatoxin which causes Ciguatera Fish Poisonig (CFP). Aquatic Tourism Parks (TWP) Gili Meno, Gili Air, and Gili Trawangan, commonly known as Gili Matra, are marine waters located in North Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The aims of this study were to identify, analyze abundance, analyze dominance, and analyze the correlation among environmental parameters and benthic dinoflagellates that cause CFP that occupy artificial substrates in Gili Matra Waters. The artificial substrates were used and Spearman's correlation were used to analyze the richness, evenness, diversity, and dominance. The genera Amphidinium, Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostropsis, and Prorocentrum were observed. The results of the calculation of the overall index are in the low to moderate criteria. The highest abundance of benthic dinoflagellate cells were dominated by the genera Coolia. Positive correlations were seen from 5 of 12 environmental parameters. The conclusion of this study, there is a positive correlation between the parameters of temperature, TSS, DO, nitrite, and ammonia on the abundance of benthic dinoflagellates, the highest abundance of benthic dinoflagellate cells is dominated by dinoflagellates from the genera Coolia.

Abstrak :
Penelitian mengenai hubungan antara perbedaan kedalaman terhadap kelimpahan dinoflagellata bentik penyebab Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) menggunakan substrat buatan dilakukan di perairan Dermaga Odi, Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu pada tanggal 21–22 September 2023. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis kelimpahan dinoflagellata toksik berpotensi penyebab CFP dan parameter lingkungan setiap kedalaman yang paling mempengaruhi kelimpahannya. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menempatkan substrat buatan di kedalaman 1 m, 3 m, dan 5 m, serta diambil data parameter lingkungan dari setiap kedalaman. Substrat buatan diambil kembali setelah 24 jam untuk penyaringan dan penyimpanan sampel. Identifikasi dan pengolahan kelimpahan sampel didahului dengan pencacahan yang dilakukan menggunakan Sedgewick Rafter Counting Cell melalui mikroskop. Analisis data dan sampel menggunakan analisis statistik multivariate Primary Component Analysis (PCA) dan Correspondence (CA). Ditemukan 3 genus dinoflagellata yang menempel pada substrat buatan tiap kedalaman yaitu Amphidinium, Ostreopsis, dan Prorocentrum. Kelimpahan dinoflagellata bentik berpotensi penyebab CFP yang menempati substrat buatan paling melimpah di kedalaman 1 m. Berdasarkan hasil PCA dan CA, kedalaman 1 m dicirikan dengan suhu, nitrat, dan Prorocentrum, sedangkan 3 m dicirikan dengan DO dan Amphidinium, dan 5 m dicirikan dengan pH. Sebaliknya, salinitas, fosfat, dan Ostreopsis tidak dicirikan dengan kedalaman berapapun. ......Research on the relationship between differences in depth and the abundance of benthic dinoflagellates that cause Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) using artificial substrates was carried out in the waters of Odi Pier, Pramuka Island, Seribu Islands on 21–22 September 2023. The research was conducted to identify and analyze the abundance of benthic dinoflagellates potentially causing CFP and the environmental parameters of each depth that most influences the abundance. Sampling was carried out by placing artificial substrates at depths of 1 m, 3 m and 5 m, and environmental parameter data was taken from each depth. The substrates were recovered after 24 h for filtering and storage. Identification and processing of sample abundance was preceded by Sedgewick Rafter Counting Cell. Data and sample analysis used statistical analysis Primary Component Analysis (PCA) and Correspondence (CA). Three genera of dinoflagellates were found attached to artificial substrates, namely Amphidinium, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum. Depth of 1 m is the most abundant of benthic dinoflagellates and characterized by temperature, nitrate, and Prorocentrum, while 3 m was characterized by DO and Amphidinium, and 5 m was characterized by pH. In contrast, salinity, phosphate, and Ostreopsis were not characterized at any depth.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang Dinoflagellata Epifitik pada Lamun Enhalus acoroides di rataan terumbu Pulau Pari, Kepulauan Seribu pada Bulan April 2012. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengoleksi daun lamun Enhalus acoroides dari rataan terumbu, kemudian dilakukan pengocokan dan penyaringan dengan saringan bertingkat (125µm dan 20µm). Dinoflagellata epifitik yang ditemukan berjumlah 8 jenis, yaitu Gambierdiscus toxicus, Ostreopsis lenticularis, O. ovata, O. siamensis, Prorocentrum concavum, P. emarginatum, P. lima, dan P. rhathymum. Enam dari jenis yang ditemukan merupakan Dinoflagellata epifitik yang berpotensi menyebabkan ciguatera. Kepadatan tertinggi Dinoflagellata epifitik terdapat pada stasiun 8 (577 sel/cm2) yang terletak pada bagian selatan pulau, sedangkan kepadatan terendah terdapat pada stasiun 1 (22 sel/cm2) yang terletak pada bagian barat pulau. Berdasarkan uji korelasi Spearman, parameter lingkungan perairan yang memengaruhi kepadatan Dinoflagellata epifitik saat penelitian adalah kecepatan arus dan oksigen terlarut (DO). ......Research on epiphytic Dinoflagellates on seagrass Enhalus acoroides had already conducted in Pari Island waters, Seribu Islands on April 2012. Research was carried out by collecting Enhalus acoroides leaves, which were shaken vigorously and the seawater filtered through a series of sieves (125µm and 20µm). Eight epiphytic Dinoflagellates were found, they were Gambierdiscus toxicus, Ostreopsis lenticularis, O. ovata, O. siamensis, Prorocentrum concavum, P. emarginatum, P. lima, and P. rhathymum. Six of the spesies found were epiphytic Dinoflagellates that potentially caused ciguatera. The highest density value of epiphytic Dinoflagellates was found at station 8 (577 sel/cm2) which located on the southern part of island and the lowest was at station 1 (22 sel/cm2) which located on the western part of island. Based on Spearman corellation test, the environmental factors which influenced the abundance of epiphytic Dinoflagellates at sampling time were current velocity and dissolved oxygen (DO).

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian Asosiasi Dinoflagellata Bentik dengan Diatom Bentik pada Substrat Lamun di Perairan Gili Matra, Lombok Utara pada Bulan Mei 2022. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil 3 helai daun lamun Cymodocea rotundata pada setiap titik sampel, kemudian dilakukan pengocokan selama 1 menit dan penyaringan dengan saringan bertingkat (125 µm dan 20 µm). Dinoflagellata bentik yang ditemukan berjumlah 2 genera. Dua genera yang ditemukan tersebut berasosiasi sekunder dan dapat berpotensi menyebabkan ciguatera. Kelimpahan tertinggi terletak pada bagian barat Gili Meno (2200 sel/cm2), dan kelimpahan terendah terletak pada bagian selatan Gili Trawangan (1801 sel/cm2). Sedangkan Diatom bentik yang ditemukan berjumlah 14 genus. Kelimpahan tertinggi Diatom bentik terdapat di Gili Meno (91100 sel/cm2) dan terendah di Gili Trawangan (49128 sel/cm2). Correspondence Analysis (CA) menggunakan PAST versi 4.10 menunjukkan hubungan asosiasi Dinoflagellata bentik dengan Diatom bentik pada Grafik sumbu 1-2 yaitu genus Prorocentrum dengan Navicula, Prorocentrum dengan Nitzschia, Prorocentrum dengan Licmophora, dan Prorocentrum dengan Cocconeis di stasiun GT1, GM1, dan GM3. Sedangkan pada Grafik sumbu 1-3 terdapat asosiasi antara Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Thallasiothrix, Cocconeis, Striatella, Coscinodiscus, dan Rhizosolenia. Korelasi Spearman menunjukkan korelasi positif terjadi antara Ostreopsis dengan Thallassiothrix pada Gili Meno stasiun 2. Selain itu, Prorocentrum dengan Nitzschia, Prorocentrum dengan Licmophora, Prorocentrum dengan Grammatophora, Prorocentrum dengan Raphoneis, Prorocentrum dengan Thallasiosira pada Gili Meno stasiun 1,3 dan Gili Trawangan stasiun 1. Sedangkan korelasi negatif terjadi antara Ostreopsis dengan Nitzschia, Ostreopsis dengan Licmophora, dan Prorocentrum dengan Rhizosolenia. ......The association of benthic dinoflagellates with benthic Diatoms on seagrass substrates in Gili Matra waters study was conducted in May 2022. The study is carried out by taking 3 leaf samples of Cymodocea rotundata seagrass at each sampling point, then followed by shaking for a minute and filtering with a stratified sieve (125 µm dan 20 µm). Benthic dinoflagellates were found in 2 genera. The benthic species found are in secondary association and have a potential to cause ciguatera. The highest abundance is located in the western part of Gili Meno (2200 cells/cm2), and the lowest abundance is located in the southern part of Gili Trawangan (1801 cells/cm2). On the other side, the benthic Diatoms were found in 14 genera. The highest abundance of benthic Diatoms is found in Gili Meno (91100 cells/cm2) and the lowest in Gili Trawangan (49128 cells/cm2). Correspondence Analysis (CA) using PAST version 4.10 shows the association relationship of benthic Dinoflagellates with Benthic Diatoms on the 1-2 axis graph, namely the genus Prorocentrum with Navicula, Prorocentrum with Nitzschia, Prorocentrum with Licmophora, and Prorocentrum with Cocconeis at GT1, GM1, and GM3 stations. While in the 1-3 axis graph there is an association between Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Thallasiothrix, Cocconeis, Striatella, Coscinodiscus, and Rhizosolenia. The Spearman correlation suggests a positive correlation occurred between Ostreopsis and Thallassiothrix at Gili Meno station 2. In addition, Prorocentrum with Nitzschia, Prorocentrum with Licmophora, Prorocentrum with Grammatophora, Prorocentrum with Raphoneis, Prorocentrum with Thallasiosira on Gili Meno station 1.3 and Gili Trawangan station 1. Meanwhile, a negative correlation occurred between Ostreopsis with Nitzschia, Ostreopsis with Licmophora, and Prorocentrum with Rhizosolenia.

Abstrak :
Teluk Jakarta merupakan salah satu daerah pesisir dengan aktivitas manusia yang tinggi menghasilkan limbah industri dan limbah domestik berupa kandungan logam berat, kista dinoflagellata yang dapat menyebabkan peristiwa Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis distribusi dan kelimpahan kista dinoflagellate beserta kandungan logam berat dalam sedimen, juga kelimpahan dinoflagellata di air. Sampel sedimen dan air diambil dari 12 titik di Teluk Jakarta. Dinoflagellata genus Noctiluca memiliki kelimpahan yang tinggi dan mendominasi sebagian besar titik pengambilan sampel di perairan Teluk Jakarta (43.382.873 sel/m3). Kista dinoflagellata Alexandrium memiliki kelimpahan yang paling tinggi dengan distribusi luas meliputi ke seluruh titik sampling (53 sel/gram). Korelasi antara kandungan logam berat tembaga (Cu) dengan kelimpahan kista Alexandrium menunjukkan korelasi negatif di semua lokasi penelitian kecuali di Muara Baru. Korelasi kandungan logam berat seng (Zn) dengan kista Alexandrium menunjukkan korelasi positif di semua lokasi penelitian kecuali di Ancol. Ada korelasi positif antara faktor turbiditas dengan kelimpahan kista Alexandrium dan DO dengan kelimpahan kista Alexandrium. Korelasi negatif dan positif ditemukan antara faktor salinitas, suhu dan pH dengan kista Alexandrium. ......Jakarta Bay is one of the coastal areas with high human activity producing industrial waste and domestic waste in the form of heavy metal content, dinoflagellate cysts which can cause Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) events. This study aims to analyze the distribution and abundance of dinoflagellate cysts along with heavy metal content in sediments, as well as the abundance of dinoflagellates in water. Sediment and water samples were taken from 12 points in Jakarta Bay. Noctiluca dinoflagellates have a high abundance and dominate most of the sampling points in the waters of Jakarta Bay (43.382.873 cell/m3). Alexandrium dinoflagellate cysts have the highest abundance with a wide distribution over all sampling points (53 cell/gram). Correlation between heavy metal copper (Cu) content and abundance of Alexandrium. showed a negative correlation at all study locations except in Muara Baru. The correlation of zinc (Zn) content with Alexandrium cysts showed a positive correlation in all study locations except Ancol. There is a positive correlation between turbidity factor and Alexandrium cyst abundance and DO and Alexandrium cyst abundance. Negative and positive correlations were found between salinity, temperature and pH factors with Alexandrium.

Abstrak :
Dinoflagellata bentik yang ditemukan menempel pada makroalga dapat menghasilkan ciguatoksin penyebab penyakit Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP). Penelitian tentang Dinoflagellata bentik penyebab CFP pada makroalga dan kaitannya dengan faktor lingkungan telah dilakukan di Gili Matra, Lombok Utara pada tanggal 24–27 Mei 2022. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Dinoflagellata bentik pada substrat makroalga di perairan Gili Matra berdasarkan kelimpahan sel dan faktor lingkungan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan makroalga Padina di ketiga gili, kemudian dimasukkan ke botol plastik dan dikocok kuat selama 1 menit. Sampel air dipisahkan dari makroalga, makroalga ditimbang berat basahnya, disaring dengan saringan bertingkat, kemudian diamati di bawah mikroskop cahaya. Dinoflagellata bentik yang ditemukan berpotensi toksik adalah Prorocentrum dan Ostreopsis. Faktor lingkungan dianalisis dengan Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelimpahan Prorocentrum yang paling tinggi ditemukan di Gili Meno, yaitu dengan total 84,89 sel/gr berat basah makroalga dan Ostreopsis yang hanya ditemukan di Gili Meno dengan 37 sel/gr berat basah makroalga. Berdasarkan AKU, Stasiun Gili Meno dicirikan oleh nitrat, fosfat, salinitas, dan intensitas cahaya yang lebih tinggi dari stasiun lainnya. Faktor-faktor lingkungan ini mempengaruhi kelimpahan sel Prorocentrum dan Ostreopsis yang lebih tinggi di stasiun tersebut. ......Benthic dinoflagellates found attached to macroalgae can produce ciguatoxin that causes Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) disease. Research on benthic dinoflagellates causing CFP on macroalgae and their relation to environmental factors was carried out in Gili Matra, North Lombok on 24–27 May 2022. This study aimed to analyze benthic dinoflagellates on macroalgae substrates in Gili Matra waters based on cell abundance and environmental factors. The research was conducted by collecting Padina macroalgae in the three islands, then putting them in a plastic bottle and shaking vigorously for 1 minute. The water sample was separated from the macroalgae, the wet weight of the macroalgae was measured, filtered through a multiseries sieve, and then observed under a light microscope. The potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellates found were Prorocentrum and Ostreopsis. Environmental factors were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that the highest abundance of Prorocentrum was found in Gili Meno, with a total of 84.89 cells/gr wet weight macroalgae, and Ostreopsis, which was only found in Gili Meno with 37 cells/gr wet weight macroalgae. Based on PCA analysis, Gili Meno Station is characterized by higher nitrate, phosphate, salinity, and light intensity than other stations. These environmental factors influenced the higher abundance of Prorocentrum and Ostreopsis cells in the station.

Abstrak :
Dinoflagellates were found and seven of them are potentially toxic species Based on the CA and PCA the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae Amphidiniopsis hirsutum Coolia sp and Amphidinium sp are sand Ostreopsis ovata Ostreopsis lenticularis and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass sand and coral rubble Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum emarginatum Ostreopsis siamensis and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass seaweed and coral rubble and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate Dinoflagellates were found and seven of them are potentially toxic species Based on the CA and PCA the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae Amphidiniopsis hirsutum Coolia sp and Amphidinium sp are sand Ostreopsis ovata Ostreopsis lenticularis and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass sand and coral rubble Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum emarginatum Ostreopsis siamensis and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass seaweed and coral rubble and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate Dinoflagellates were found and seven of them are potentially toxic species Based on the CA and PCA the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae Amphidiniopsis hirsutum Coolia sp and Amphidinium sp are sand Ostreopsis ovata Ostreopsis lenticularis and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass sand and coral rubble Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum emarginatum Ostreopsis siamensis and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass seaweed and coral rubble and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate. Research on epibenthic Dinoflagellate causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning had been conducted in Harapan Island, Kepulauan Seribu during 4th--6th March 2013. This study was carried out by collecting seagrass, seaweed, sand, and coral rubble on the reef flats, where they were shaken vigorously to separate the epibenthic Dinoflagellates. Samples were filtered and observed under a light microscope. The data were analyzed using Correspondence Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). From the samples collected, twelve species of benthic Dinoflagellates were found, and seven of them are potentially toxic species. Based on the CA and PCA, the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae; Amphidiniopsis hirsutum, Coolia sp., and Amphidinium sp. are sand; Ostreopsis ovata, Ostreopsis lenticularis, and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass, sand, and coral rubble; Prorocentrum lima, Prorocentrum emarginatum, Ostreopsis siamensis, and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass, seaweed, and coral rubble; and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate.