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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menjelaskan mengenai fenomena regionalisme dalam Pemilu Presiden di Korea Selatan. Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini adalah bagaimana pembelahan sosial dalam masyarakat Korea Selatan berperan dalam terbentuknya fenomena regionalisme di masa transisi demokrasi dalam Pemilihan Presiden tahun 1987. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan menggunakan teori pembelahan sosial dan konsep regionalisme. Hasil penelitian ini adalah fenomena regionalisme yang terbentuk pada masa transisi demokrasi merupakan pembelahansosial yang terjadi akibat kebijakan rezim otoriter bagi wilayah di Korea Selatan. Selain itu fenomena regionalisme dalam Pemilu Presiden tahun 1987 juga didorong mobilisasi dukungan oleh kandidat dari wilayah asal masing-masing. Mobilisasi dukungan wilayah asal dan pencalonan Kim Young-sam (Reunification Democratic Party) dan Kim Dae-jung (Party for Peace and Democracy) membuat dukungan kepada oposisi terbagi sehingga kandidat partai pemerintah Roh Tae-woo (Democratic Justice Party) berhasil memenangkan Pemilu Presiden.

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ABSTRACTThis research explains about regionalism phenomenon in South Korea, especially in the presidential election. The problem discussed in this research is how the impact of social cleavage in South Korean society toward the formation of regionalism’s phenomenon in the transition to democracy in the 1987 Presidential Election. This research used qualitative methods and it applies social cleavage theory and regionalism concept. The result of this research finds that regionalism phenomenon formed in the Presidential Election on democratic transition period was the social cleavage which occured due to the policy of authoritarian regime toward regions in South Korea. In addition, regionalism phenomenon in the 1987 presidential election was also caused by the competition among the candidates in mobilizing the voters from their respective regions. The mobilization of regional support and the candidacy between Kim Young-sam (Reunification Democratic Party) and Kim Dae-jung (Party for Peace and Democracy) cause the support for the opposition was divided and the ruling party candidate Roh Tae-woo (Democratic Justice Party) won the presidential election.;"

"The Republic of Korea is regarded as a shining example of democracy in East Asia. Despite this significant achievement, Korea's democracy in practice has been plagued by political gridlock, severe factional infighting, a lack of social capital and cooperation between civil society and political institutions, and leadership behavior that calls to mind its authoritarian past. Although the country is now a secure electoral democracy, its journey toward democratic consolidation is far from complete. In this volume, some of the best scholars on Korean politics explore and assess the complex interplay of the facilitating and inhibiting factors that have influenced and reshaped Korea's democratic consolidation process at all levels of state and society, as well as the prospects for consolidation in the coming years."

"In this book, Jongwoo Han takes a holistic approach to understanding these phenomena by examining the stateʹs role in the unprecedented economic development and societyʹs capabilities to resist the stateʹs centralized power. Han re-articulates state-society relations through Onufʹs social constructivist approach based on three rules of a political community: hegemony, hierarchy, and heteronomy. This book expands upon this effort to re-construct the state and society relations in two ways. First, it produces case studies of the capital city of Hanyang (Joseon Dynasty from 1392 to 1910), Kyeongseong (Japanese colonial control from 1910 to 1945), and Seoul (1945-current). The capital city is analyzed as a container for the major ideologies and ways of thinking that have shaped three important political eras. Second, it adopts two indigenous thoughts, Neo-Confucianism and geomancy, as sources of the main political and cultural ideologies that shape Koreaʹs state and society relations. These sources have never been treated as units of political analysis. This book finds that both Neo-Confucianism and geomancy, over two periods of Hanyang and Kyeongseong, are two main contributing factors of the emergence of the developmental state and vibrant democracy in Korea in the Seoul era."

"Representasi sejarah dalam film-film sejarah merupakan cara penulis menggambarkan atau menceritakan bagian tertentu dari peristiwa-peristiwa sejarah. Lewat film sejarah, para pembuat film dapat memperkenalkan berbagai perspektif yang berbeda tentang suatu peristiwa sejarah. Salah satu sejarah di Korea Selatan yang menarik perhatian para pembuat film dan drama televisi adalah gerakan demokratisasi Gwangju terjadi pada 18 Mei 1980. Peristiwa tersebut melibatkan institusi militer dan warga sipil serta merupakan salah satu titik balik dari perjuangan demokratisasi di Korea Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan representasi agensi militer dalam gerakan demokratisasi Gwangju dalam objek penelitian berupa drama televisi Korea Selatan berjudul Youth of May di tahun 2021. Untuk memahami bagaimana peran agensi militer terutama militer pada peristiwa gerakan demokratisasi Gwangju direpresentasikan dalam drama Youth of May, penulis menggunakan konsep representasi dari Stuart Hall dan Foucault. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif deskriptif untuk menganalisis data transkrip film berupa dialog, monolog, non-dialog, dan potongan gambar yang ada di dalam drama. Hasil analisis pada drama Youth of May menunjukkan adanya dua bentuk representasi agensi militer dalam gerakan demokratisasi Gwangju, yaitu kekuasaan tidak terbatas yang dimiliki institusi militer dan gerakan demokratisasi menjadi proses yang mengarah pada tragedi.

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Historical representation in historical films is the filmmaker’s way of describing or telling historical events in their works. Through historical films, filmmakers can introduce different perspectives on a historical event. One of the historical events in South Korea that has caught the attention of film and television drama makers is the Gwangju Democratization Movement that occurred on May 18, 1980. This event involved military institutions and civilians and was one of the turning points of the struggle for democratization in South Korea. This study aims to explain the representation of security agencies and the government in the Gwangju Democratization Movement in the object of research, namely one of the South Korean television dramas entitled Youth of May in 2021. To understand how the role of security agencies and the government, especially the military in the events of the Gwangju Democratization Movement is represented in drama Youth of May, the author uses the concept of representation by Stuart Hall and Foucault. This study used a descriptive qualitative analysis method to analyze film transcript data in the form of dialogues, monologues, non-dialogues, and stills in the drama. The results of the analysis in the drama Youth of May show that there are two forms of representation by military agency in the Gwangju Democratization Movement, namely the unlimited power possessed by military institutions and the democratization movement which is a process that leads to tragedy."

"Studi ini menganalisis peran organisasi perempuan Kristen yang dikenal sebagai Korea- YWCA (Young Women Christian Association), dalam demokratisasi bagi kaum buruh perempuan di kawasan industri kota Seoul, Republik Korea, tahun 1961 hingga 1987. Korea-YWCA adalah organisasi perempuan Kristen pertama yang dibentuk di Korea tahun 1922 pada masa kolonial Jepang (1910-1945). Melalui peristiwa demo buruh perempuan yang terjadi di kota Seoul tahun 1975, penelitian ini menganalisis peran organisasi Korea-YWCA dalam menghidupkan kembali semangat demokrasi dan sumbangsihnya dalam meruntuhkan kediktatoran pemerintah. Dengan menerapkan pendekatan strukturis dari Lloyd dan sumber arsip dari Republik Korea, penelitian ini menekankan dinamika peran Korea-YWCA dalam penegakan demokrasi yang terjadi sepanjang rentan waktu yang ditetapkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa secara konseptual, gagasan penegakan demokrasi oleh Korea-YWCA di periode 1961 hingga 1979 berakar dari reformasi politik nasional Korea di akhir abad ke-19 yang berhasil mencetak perempuan modern Korea, yang disebut sinyeoseong.Gerakan kemerdekaan rakyat Korea yang disebut Samil Undong, yang meletus di masa kolonisasi Jepang (1910-1945), menjadi titik tolak Korea-YWCA sebagai organisasi berbasis ajaran Kristen yang bersifat politis sehingga peran Korea-YWCA dalam demokratisasi pun sudah terlihat sejak dibentuk di tahun 1922. Peran Korea- YWCA dalam demokratisasi di tahun 1961 hingga 1987 berhasil mempresentasikan peran agency bernama Park Esterd dalam bentuk perluasan sektor kerja bagi kaum buruh perempuan Korea. Adapun peran Korea YWCA dalam demokratisasi pada periode ini bersumber dari gagasan Park Esterd yang diakui telah menghadirkanminjujueui room (ruang demokrasi) yang sangat menekankan kebebasan. Gagasan demokratis dari Park Esterd menjadi fondasi dalam transformasi pada kaum perempuan Korea yang dapat dijelaskan alasannya sebagai berikut. Bahwa, ajaran agama Kristen bagi masyarakat Korea tidak hanya dipandang sebagai agama baru, tetapi juga sebagai ideologi yang dipupuk dalam wadah organisasi sehingga melahirkan perempuan modern. Selain itu, terkait dengan demokratisasi, di bawah kepemimpinan Park Esterd, peran Korea-YWCA dapat sekaligus mengungkap semangat Puritanisme Amerika yang membentuk karakter kaum Kristen Korea yang menekankan nilai-nilai toleransi, tekun, dan rajin sehingga mengantarkan Republik Korea menjadi negara yang maju.

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This study analyzes the role of the Christian women's organization known as Korea- YWCA (Young Women Christian Association) in the democratization for women workers in the industrial area of Seoul, Republic of Korea from 1961 to 1987. Korea- YWCA is the first Christian women's organization to be formed in Korea since 1922 during the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945). Through the events of the women's labor demonstrations that took place Seoul in 1975, this study analyzes the role of the Korea-YWCA organization in reviving the spirit of the democratization and its contribution to overthrowing the government dictatorship. Applying a structurist approach from Lloyd's and archival sources from the Republic of Korea, this study emphasizes the dynamics of the Korea-YWCA influence in social change that occurs over a defined period of time. The results showed that conceptually the idea of upholding democracy by the Korea-YWCA in the period 1961 to 1979 was rooted in the Korean national political reforms in the late 19th century which succeeded in producing modern Korean women called sinyeoseong. The Korean people's independence movement called Samil Undong which occured during the Japanese colonization (1910- 1945) became the starting point for Korea-YWCA as a political organization based on Christian teachings so that the roke of Korea-YWCA in democratization has been seen since its formation in 1922. The role of Korea-YWCA in democratization from 1961 to 1987 succeeded in presenting the role of an agency named Park Esterd in the form of expanding the employment sector for Koren women workers. The Korea YWCA’s role in democratization in the period stemmed from the idea of Park Esterd who has acknowledged to have presented the minjujuei room (democracy room) which strongly emphasized freedom. Park Estherd’s democratic ideas became the foundation for the transformation of Korean women, which can be explained as follows. Whereas, the teachings of Christianity for the Korean people are not seen as a new religion, but also as an ideology that is fostered in organization so as to give birth to modern women. In addition, with regard to democratization, under the leadership of Park Esterd, the role of Korea-YWCA can simultaneously reveal the spirit of American Puritanism that shapes the character of Korea Christians who emphasize the values of tolerance, perseverance, and diligence so as to lead the Republic of Korea to become a developed country."