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"This study investigates the effect of roads growth toward the deforestation rate in 33 provinces in Indonesia from the period 2006-2013. A panel data analysis was utilized in order to analyze whether the existence of roads development affected the level of agricultural expansion activity by farmers which eventually determine the level of deforestation. The results show that growth of roads significantly contributes to loss in forest area or deforestation in Indonesia. Roads development become a driving magnet for forest cover dynamic changes since it is facilitating the reduction of cost for agriculture production and peoples migration. Having this condition, farmers are eager to enhance their land productivity through agricultural expansion toward the forest and thereby this condition exacerbates the threats and pressure on the forest.

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Studi ini menganalisis pengaruh pertumbuhan jalan terhadap laju deforestasi di 33 provinsi di Indonesia selama kurun waktu 8 tahun (2006-2013). Analisa datapanel diterapkan untuk menganalisis apakah keberadaan pembangunan jalan mempengaruhi tingkat kegiatan ekspansi pertanian oleh petani yang pada akhirnya menentukan tingkat deforestasi. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwapertumbuhan jalan berkontribusi signifikan terhadap hilangnya kawasan hutan atau deforestasi di Indonesia. Pembangunan jalan menjadi magnet penggerak untuk perubahan dinamis tutupan hutan karena memfasilitasi pengurangan biaya untuk produksi pertanian dan migrasi masyarakat. Dengan kondisi ini, petani mempunyai kecenderungan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas lahan mereka melalui perluasan pertanian ke arah hutan yang pada akhirnya kondisi ini memperburuk ancaman dan tekanan pada hutan. "

"Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) has become important for Indonesia because this mechanism will provide financial benefits and it adheres to the Indonesian commitment to participate in climate change mitigation. However, a weak forest governance system and lack of transparency have undermined Indonesia’s goals to reduce deforestation and to manage and distribute the compensation appropriately. The idea of transformational change to reform Indonesian forest governance might be hindered by path dependency that has become entrenched within the Indonesian government. This paper, therefore, attempts to analyze path dependency of Indonesian forest governance and to examine the implication of path dependency in the development of REDD+ in Indonesia. Using the political economy lens, the diagnosis of path dependency is determined if there are positive feedbacks for the Ministry of Forestry, as the leading agency in the administration of Indonesian forests, to maintain the status quo. This paper shows that there are four positive or reinforcing feedbacks for the Ministry of Forestry: (1) vested interests for utilizing the forests as an income source, (2) network effects from managing the forest resources, (3) sunk costs invested to strengthen the institution, and (4) inclusiveness of the institution in managing the forests. This paper also highlights that path dependency within the Ministry of Forestry causes a complexity in the REDD+ debate in Indonesia, particularly regarding which institutional arrangement will best implement REDD+. On the other hand, this paper shows that various policies and activities related to REDD+ could break path dependency."

"Deforestasi di Kalimantan Timur perlu dikendalikan melalui pemodelan perubahan tutupan lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis klasifikasi dan validasi peta penutup lahan multi temporal, menganalisis investigasi model optimal, dan mensintesis prediksi tutupan lahan tahun 2036 serta analisis pola spasial perubahan tutupan lahan 2016-2036. Pemodelan perubahan tutupan lahan menggunakan pendekatan Multilayer Perceptron melalui pemilihan periode dan interval kalibrasi optimal untuk menghasilkan model yang akurat dan objektif. Empat belas skenario interval kalibrasi disusun menggunakan 11 peta penutup lahan yang diklasifikasi dari Citra Landsat Time Series menggunakan metode Random Forest pada lingkungan komputasi awan Google Earth Engine. Simulasi pemodelan menggunakan modul Land Change Modeler dengan mempertimbangkan 14 variabel pendorong. Hasil klasifikasi menunjukkan akurasi yang baik dengan Overall Accuracy 71,43-85,14% dan nilai Kappa 0,667-0,827. Periode dan interval kalibrasi optimal untuk memprediksi tutupan lahan tahun 2036 adalah periode 2016-2021 dengan interval 5 tahun dan dengan lama prediksi tiga kali periode kalibrasi. Perubahan tutupan lahan berupa fenomena deforestasi dan reforestasi ditemukan di kawasan pertambangan, perkebunan, dan hutan produksi. Hasil analisis spasial menemukan adanya penurunan luas tutupan hutan dari tahun 2016 hingga 2021 dengan laju deforestasi 651 km2/tahun. Diperkirakan luas tutupan hutan tahun 2036 masih tersisa 69.203 km2. Sebagian besar perubahan tutupan lahan terjadi pada kemiringan tanah kurang dari 4 derajat pada ketinggian di bawah 100m. Topografi merupakan variabel yang paling berpengaruh dalam mendorong perubahan tutupan lahan di Kalimantan Timur.

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Deforestation in East Kalimantan needs to be controlled through land cover change modeling. This study aims to analyze the classification and validation of multi-temporal land cover maps, analyze optimal model investigations, synthesize land cover predictions in 2036, and analyze spatial patterns of land cover changes in 2016-2036. Land cover change modeling uses the Multilayer Perceptron approach by selecting the suitable calibration period and intervals to produce an accurate and objective model. Fourteen calibration interval scenarios were prepared using 11 land cover maps classified from Landsat Time Series images using the Random Forest method in the Google Earth Engine cloud computing environment. The modeling simulation uses the Land Change Modeler module by considering 14 driving variables. The classification results show good accuracy, with an Overall Accuracy of 71.43-85.14% and a Kappa value of 0.667-0.827. The optimal calibration period and interval to predict land cover in 2036 is the 2016-2021 period with 5-year intervals and three times the calibration period. Changes in land cover in the form of deforestation and reforestation are found in mining areas, plantations, and production forests. The spatial analysis results found a decrease in forest cover area from 2016 to 2021 with a deforestation rate of 651 km2/year. It is estimated that in 2036 there will still be 69,203 km2 of forest cover remaining. Most land cover changes occur at less than 4 degrees land slopes at elevations below 100m. Topography is the most influential variable driving land cover change in East Kalimantan"

"Angka deforestasi yang tinggi, terutama di Riau, Sumatera menjadi latar belakang karya akhir ini. Industri bubur kertas dan kertas serta korupsi merupakan salah satu penyebab deforestasi yang saling berhubungan terutama di Riau. Aktivitas korporasi X di konsesi-konsesinya ini masih dipertanyakan legalitasnya akibat perizinan IUPHHK-HTI yang di dapat dari bupati yang terlibat kasus korupsi pada tahun 2001-2007. Selain itu, penebangan hutan alam dan lahan gambut merusak lingkungan, ekosistem hutan dan menyebabkan konflik sosial yang terjadi di Pulau Padang. Dengan berbagai masalah yang ada, korporasi X tetap melakukan penebangan hutan di Riau. Karya akhir ini akan berusaha menganalisis permasalahan tersebut menggunakan corporate crime dan perspektif green criminology untuk menjelaskan bahwa korupsi dan corporate crime menyebabkan deforestasi berkepanjangan di Riau.

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The high rate of deforestation, especially in Riau, Sumatra, is the background of this paper. The pulp and paper industry and corruption are among the interconnected causes of deforestation, especially in Riau. The legality of X's corporate activities in its concessions is still questionable due to the IUPHHK-HTI permit obtained from Bupati who was involved in a corruption case in 2001-2007. In addition, the logging of natural forests and peatlands destroys the environment, forest ecosystems and causes social conflicts that occur on Padang Island. With the various problems that exist, X corporation continues to cut forests in Riau. This paper will attempt to analyze these problems using corporate crime and a green criminology perspective to explain that corruption and corporate crime cause prolonged deforestation in Riau."

"ABSTRAKKasus deforestasi di hutan Sumatera telah menjadi salah satu yang terburuk di Indonesia. Untuk menanggulanginya, dibutuhkan strategi kampanye humas yang efektif untuk mengubah perilaku publik aktif yang terkait seperti pemerintah, perusahaan pengelola lahan hutan, dan masyarakat. Greenpeace selaku organisasi yang peduli dengan isu-isu mengenai lingkungan melakukan kampanye Mata Harimau pada tahun 2011 untuk melihat secara langsung kondisi kerusakan hutan di wilayah Riau, Jambi, dan Sumatera Selatan dengan cara tur menggendarai motor menggunakan kostum harimau. Kampanye ini terbukti sukses dengan membuat perusahaan besar di luar negeri menghentikan pembelian produk hasil hutan yang diproduksi oleh Asian Pulp and Paper (APP). Hal ini membuat perusahaan APP mengumumkan kebijakan penghentian aktivitas penebangan ilegal di wilayah tempat kampanye berlangsung.

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ABSTRACTDeforestation cases in Sumatran forests has been becoming one of the worst in Indonesia. To overcome it, effective public relations strategy needed to change active-public behaviour such as government, forest land corporation, and society. Greenpeace as one of the non- governmental organization that concern in enviromental issues did the Mata Harimau campaign in 2011 to see directly deforestation condition in Riau, Jambi, and South Sumatran region with motocycle tour using tiger custom. This campaign succeed to achive its goal in a way that multinational companies outside Indonesia stop to buy forestry production which is produced by Asian Pulp and Paper (APP). This condition made APP announced the policy that terminate illegal logging activities in regions where the campaign held."