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Abstrak :
Legionella. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan uji PCR duplex (dPCR) untuk deteksi Legionella sp. dan L. peneumophila secara simultan pada sampel air tower. Metode kultur digunakan sebagai baku emas. Metode: Dilakukan optimasi metode dPCR untuk mendapatkan teknik uji yang memiliki sensitivitas dan spesifi sitas tinggi. Metode kemudian diuji pada 9 sampel air tower yang diperoleh dari 9 gedung di Jakarta. Untuk metode kultur, bakteri ditumbuhkan pada media selektif ?growth factor supplemented-buffered charcoal yeast extract? (BCYE). Hasil: Dari 9 sampel yang diuji dengan dPCR, 6 menunjukkan positif Legionella sp., 1 positif L. pneumophila, dan 2 menunjukkan hasil uji negatif. Untuk sampel yang sama, metode kultur menunjukkan hasil uji negatif. Kesimpulan: Uji dPCR adalah uji yang sangat sensitif dibandingkan dengan metode kultur, dan uji dPCR ini dapat digunakan untuk pemeriksaan rutin Legionella sp. dan L. pneumophila pada sampel air dari ?tower?.

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Abstract
Aim: Since culture method is time-consuming and has low sensitivity, we developed a duplex PCR (dPCR) assay for the detection of Legionella sp. and L. pneumophila in cooling tower samples. We used culture method as a gold standard. Methods: Optimization of dPCR method was performed to obtain an assay with high sensitivity and specifi city. The optimized method was used to detect Legionella sp. dan L. pneumophila in 9 samples obtained from 9 buildings in Jakarta. For culture method, the bacteria were grown or isolated on selective growth factor supplemented-buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) media. Results: Of 9 samples tested by dPCR assay, 6 were positive for Legionella species,1 was positive for L. pneumophila, and 2 showed negative results. For the same samples, no Legionella sp. was detected by the culture method. Conclusion: dPCR assay was much more sensitive than the culture method and was potentially used as a rapid, specifi c and sensitive test for routine detection of Legionella sp. dan for L. pneumophila in water samples.

Abstrak :
Cellular responses to stress including DNA damage show multiple options involving the mechanisms of growth arrest, DNA repair and programmed cell death or apoptosis. Failures in these mechanisms can result in oncogenesis or accelerated senescence. Much of the response is coordinated by p53, a nuclear phosphoprotein with a central role in the defences against physical, chemical and pathogenic agents which challenge the DNA integrity. The p53 pathways for mobilising the cellular defences are linked to the pRb/E2F pathways regulating the cell cycle progression. This paper aims to review the current understanding on the networks and main molecular machinery of these processes. In addition, the implications on cellular decision making for the defences as well as evolutionary aspects of these mechanisms are discussed in brief.