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"This timely Research Handbook contains an analysis by leading scholars and practitioners of various legal questions concerning cyberspace and cyber activities. Comprehensive and thorough, it succeeds in mapping out the range of international rules that apply to cyberspace and to specific cyber activities, assesses their regulatory efficacy and offers insightful suggestions, where necessary, for revised standards. Contributors examine the application of fundamental international law principles to cyberspace such as the principle of sovereignty, jurisdiction, state responsibility, individual criminal responsibility, human rights and intellectual property rights. They explore the application of international rules to cyber terrorism, cyber espionage, cyber crime, cyber attacks and to cyber war. They deal with the meaning of cyber operations, the ethics of cyber operations as well as with cyber deterrence. Finally, they comment on the cyber security policies of international and regional institutions such as those of the United Nations, the European Union, NATO and of Asian-Pacific institutions. This Research Handbook will benefit scholars in the fields of international law, international relations, public and private law. Researchers will find the suggested future research avenues in this field invaluable whilst policy-makers and practitioners will gain fresh insights into topical issues concerning the regulation of cyberspace and of cyber activities."

"Pada zaman sekarang, teknologi terus berkembang agar dapat membantu manusia melakukan kegiatannya sehari-hari. Dengan adanya tekonologi yang dapat membuat informasi menjadi digital, terbuka serta meluas maka masyarakat semakin bergantung pada jaringan dan tekonologi informasi. Tidak hanya pada masyarakat, teknologi informasi sangat diperdaya oleh pemerintahan untuk dapat membangun negaranya. Suatu negara dapat menggunakannya untuk kegiatan militer dan bahkan melakukan aktivitas-aktivitas dengan menggunakan cyber. Suatu cyber operation dapat membantu militer, namun tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa hal ini dapat mempengaruhi keamanan negara. Terdapat kasus-kasus dimana negara menuduh negara lain untuk melakukan cyber operation terhadap negaranya dan telah terbukti memberikan dampak-dampak terhadap infrastruktur negara. Cyber operation dan aktivitas cyber merupakan hal yang baru dan belum terdapat pengaturan khusus yang mengaturnya. Dengan demikian, skripsi ini melihat bagaimana penerapan hukum internasional ( khususnya dari segi jus ad bellum) yang ada pada perkembangan cyber, khususnya terhadap cyber operation. Skripsi ini akan menganalisa tiga kasus yakni kasus pada Estonia (2007), Iran (2010) dan Ukraina (2015).

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In the current era, technology continues to evolve and develop in order to help humans perform its daily activities. With the technology and digital information, it has made the public?s reliability towards them for its lives. Not only the people, information technology is being deceived by the government to be able to build and develop the country. A country can use them for military activities and even perform various activities using cyber. A military cyber operation can be a positive thing, however, it be denied that this could affect the security of the state. There have been cases where a state has been accused by other countries to conduct cyber operations against its country and has likely provide the effects on the country's infrastructure. Cyber operations and cyber activity is new and there are no specific law which govern them. Thus, this thesis seek to see how the current international law (from the perspective of jus ad bellum) applies towards the development of cyber particularly against cyber operation. This thesis will analyze three cases of the case in Estonia (2007), Iran (2010) and Ukraine (2015)."