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Abstrak :
Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem khas di daerah tropika yang memiliki berbagai fungsi untuk biota yang hidup di dalamnya. Namun, terumbu karang sangat peka terhadap perubahan lingkungan yang terjadi. Penelitian struktur komunitas karang batu yang meliputi persentase tutupan karang batu, komposisi koloni menurut bentuknya, dan keanekaan jenis telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan struktur komunitas karang batu di Pulau Rambut (dekat dengan Jakarta) dan Pulau Pari (jauh dari Jakarta). Penelitian dilakukan dengan netode line intercept transect yaitu metode standar yang disepakati ASEAN-AUSTRALIA dalam kegiatan penelitian terumbu karang. Data penelitian dikumpulkan dari kedalaman 1 m, 3m, dan 5 m di sisi utara dan sisi selatan masing-masing pulau. Terdapat perbedaan persentase tutupan karang batu di masing-masing pulau. Bentuk koloni massive mendominasi Pulau Rambut, sedangkan bentuk koloni branching mendominasi Pulau Pari. Sejumlah 8 marga karang batu ditemukan di Pulau Rambut, 14 marga di sisi selatan Pulau Pari, dan 19 marga di sisi utara Pulau Pari. Perbedaan lokasi Pulau Rambut dan Pulau Pari menunjukkan perbedaan struktur komunitas karang batu.

Abstrak :
Keberadaan laut dan sumber daya yang dikandungnya harus dijaga demi generasi-generasi manusia yang akan datang. Salah satunya adalah ekosistem terumbu karang yang merupakan sumber daya laut yang perlu di jaga. Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan yang telah dikenal oleh seluruh dunia sebagai negara yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati dan kekayaan sumber daya laut yang tinggi. Hal tersebut tidak lepas dari maraknya kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang salah satu contohnya dengan banyaknya kapal kandas di perairan Indonesia. Kapal-kapal kandas yang merusak terumbu karang di Indonesia salah satunya adalah Kandasnya Kapal Asing MV Lyric Poet dan MT Alex di Perairan Bangka Belitung. Kandasnya kapal asing MV Lyric Poet di di Laut Natuna, sekitar 80 mil laut dari Kota Pangkal Pinang di Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung dan kapal asing MT Alex yang kandas di perairan Manggar Kabupaten Belitung Timur yang diperkirakan berjarak kurang lebih 65 mil laut dari Kota Manggar. Tulisan ini akan menjelaskan mengenai bagaimana implementasi serta penegakan hukum yang dilakukan Indonesia dalam menerapkan perlindungan terumbu karang ditinjau dari hukum internasional seperti UNCLOS 1982, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Agenda 21, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species a (CITES) dan United Nations Convention Concerning the Protection of The World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1972. Serta keikutsertaan Indonesia dalam kerjasama regional terkait perlindungan mengenai ekosistem terumbu karang seperti Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CTF) dan International Coral Reefs Initiative (ICRI). Metode penelitian yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu dengan bentuk penelitian yuridis- normatif menggunakan data sekunder dengan alat pengumpulan data berupa bahan pusataka dan wawancara. Simpulan yang diambil dalam penelitian ini adalah upaya penegakan hukum yang diambil oleh Indonesia dalam kasus Kandasnya Kapal Asing MV Lyric Poet dan MT Alex di Perairan Bangka Belitung adalah dengan penyelesaian sengketa lingkungan hidup di luar pengadilan sesuai dengan Permen LHK No. 4 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pedoman Penyelesaian Sengketa Lingkungan Hidup dan ketentuan sanksi yang   diimplementasikan dalam UUPLH No. 32 Tahun 2009 serta diperlukannya urgensi bagi negara-negara di dunia untuk segera membentuk suatu perjanjian internasional yang bersifat memaksa untuk menyelesaikan masalah terumbu karang secara spesifik. Regulasi harus berupa hukum yang keras dan mengikat dalam bentuk konvensi PBB untuk dapat mengisi celah dalam hukum internasional tentang perlindungan ekosistem terumbu karang. ......The existence of the sea and the resources it contains must be maintained for the sake of human generations to come. One of them is the coral reef ecosystem which is a marine resource that needs to be maintained. Indonesia is an archipelagic country that is known throughout the world as a country that has high biodiversity and wealth of marine resources. This cannot be separated from the rampant damage to coral reef ecosystems, one example of which is the many ships aground in Indonesian waters. One of the aground ships that damaged coral reefs in Indonesia was the Stranded Ships MV Lyric Poet and MT Alex in Bangka Belitung Waters. The foundering of the foreign ship MV Lyric Poet in the Natuna Sea, about 80 nautical miles from Pangkal Pinang City in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province and the foreign ship MT Alex which ran aground in Manggar waters, East Belitung Regency, which is estimated to be approximately 65 nautical miles from Manggar City. This paper will explain how Indonesia implements and enforces laws in protecting coral reefs in terms of international laws such as UNCLOS 1982, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Agenda 21, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species a (CITES) and the United Nations Convention Concerning the Protection of The World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1972. As well as Indonesia's participation in regional cooperation related to the protection of coral reef ecosystems such as the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs Fisheries and Food Security (CTI) -CTF) and the International Coral Reefs Initiative (ICRI). The research method used in this study is a normative-juridical research using secondary data with data collection tools in the form of library materials and interviews. The conclusions drawn in this study are that the law enforcement efforts taken by Indonesia in the case of the Stranded Foreign Ship MV Lyric Poet and MT Alex in Bangka Belitung Waters are by resolving environmental disputes out of court in accordance with Minister of Environment and Forestry No. 4 of 2013 concerning Guidelines for Environmental Dispute Resolution and the sanctions provisions implemented in UUPLH No. 32 of 2009 and and the need for urgency for countries in the world to immediately form an international agreement that is coercive to resolve the problem of coral reefs specifically. Regulations must be in the form of strict and binding laws in the form of UN conventions to be able to fill gaps in international law regarding the protection of coral reef ecosystems.

Abstrak :
Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Terumbu karang seharusnya dikembalikan kedalam kewenangan pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota. Hal ini disebabkan karakteristik dan nilai kebermanfaatannya lebih dimengerti masyarakat pesisir sehingga perlindungan dan pengelolaannya dapat dilakukan secara menyeluruh,memberikan dampak sebanyak-banyaknya kepada masyarakat yang bersentuhan secara  langsung serta memenuhi prinsip dasar otonomi daerah. Dengan sejarah di masa lalu sebagai bangsa pelaut, Indonesia kembali mengajukan visi Global Maritime Fulcrume untuk dapat berjaya sekali lagi. Kekayaan Sumber daya alam yang melimpah menjadi perhatian khusus, terutama bagi terumbu karang. Pusat kekayaan hayati tersebut menjadi harapan hidup tidak hanya bagi biota laut namun juga masyarakat pesisir.Penelitian  ini berbentuk yuridis normatif dengan menganalisis peraturan perundang-undangan dengan metode kualitatif.Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan Negara dalam tanggung jawabnya mengelola terumbu karang terkendala dalam tata kelola, tata ruang dan tata zonasi. Pemanfaatan yang tidak berpihak pada masyarakat pesisir dikarenakan kewenangan pengelolaan dan perlindungan tidak lagi menjadi kewenangan pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota.Kesimpulan yang diambil, diperlukan Harmonisasi peraturan dan penyelesaian sengketa lembaga di tingkat pusat. Dengan berpijak pada Ocean Governance Policy yang lebih berpihak pada masyarakat pesisir yang lebih paham pada karakteristik terumbu karang. ......Protection and Management of Coral Reefs should be returned to the authority of the Regency/City government. This is because the characteristics and usefulness values are better understood by coastal communities so that their protection and management can be carried out comprehensively, giving as much impact as possible to the people who are in direct contact and fulfilling the basic principles of regional autonomy. With a history in the past as a nation of seafarers, Indonesia again proposes the vision of Global Maritime Fulcrume to be victorious once again. Abundant natural resource wealth is of particular concern, especially for coral reefs. The center of biological wealth is a life expectancy not only for marine life but also for coastal communities. This research is in the form of a normative juridical analysis by analyzing laws and regulations with a qualitative method. zoning system. Utilization that is not in favor of coastal communities is because the management and protection authority is no longer the authority of the Regency/City government. Based on the Ocean Governance Policy which is more in favor of coastal communities who are more aware of the characteristics of coral reefs.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini membahas mengenai bagaimana kewenangan Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah di Indonesia terhadap perlindungan dan pengelolaan terumbu karang ditinjau dari peraturan perundang-undangan. Selanjutnya skripsi ini juga membahas mengenai kasus perusakan terumbu karang di Indonesia yaitu kasus perusakan terumbu karang di Raja Ampat oleh Kapal MV Caledonian Sky serta bagaimana penegakan hukum dari kasus tersebut. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah mengetahui hubungan tanggung jawab pemerintah pusat dan daerah dalam perlindungan terumbu karang di Indonesia serta mengetahui penegakkan hukum terhadap perusakan terumbu karang di Indonesia. Metode penelitian dalam skripsi ini adalah yuridis normatif. Hubungan kewenangan Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah terhadap pengelolaan terumbu karang didasarkan kepada urusan konkuren UU Pemda. Akan tetapi terdapat hambatan yaitu tidak adanya kewenangan pemerintah kabupaten/kota terhadap pengelolaan wilayah pesisir. Penegakkan hukum terhadap kasus perusakan terumbu karang berdasarkan UU No. 32 Tahun 2009 yaitu penegakan hukum administrasi, perdata, dan pidana. penegakan hukum administratif cara penghentian kegiatan, pembongkaran, penyitaan, dan pencabutan izin. Penegakan pidana tersebut terbagi atas sanksi pidana penjara dan sanksi pidana denda. hukum perdata dapat dilakukan melalui penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan dan melalui pengadilan.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis discusses how the authority of the Central and Regional Governments in Indonesia towards the protection and management of coral reefs is viewed from the laws and regulations. Furthermore, this paper also discusses the case of coral reef destruction in Indonesia, namely the case of destruction of coral reefs in Raja Ampat by the MV Caledonian Sky Ship and how the law enforcement of the case. The purpose of this paper is to find out the relationship between the responsibilities of the central government and the regions in protecting coral reefs in Indonesia and to know the law enforcement on the destruction of coral reefs in Indonesia. The research method in this paper is normative juridical. The relationship between the authority of the Central Government and the Regional Government towards coral reef management is based on the concurrent affairs of the Regional Government Law. However, there are obstacles, namely the absence of district/city government authority over the management of coastal areas. Law enforcement for cases of coral reef destruction based on Law No. 32 of 2009, namely the enforcement of administrative, civil and criminal law. administrative law enforcement on how to terminate activities, demolition, confiscation and revocation of licenses. The criminal enforcement is divided into imprisonment sanctions and fine criminal sanctions. Civil law can be done through settlement of disputes outside the court and through the court.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengaruh perbedaan intensitas cahaya terhadap kelimpahan zooxanthella pada karang branching (Acropora sp.) dan digitate (Montipora digitata) di perairan Pulau Pari, Kepulauan Seribu pada tanggal 4--8 April 2012. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara menutup ujung cabang masing-masing koloni karang branching dan digitate dengan plastik terang (intensitas cahaya 58 μE/m2s), plastik setengah gelap (intensitas cahaya 26 μE/m2s), dan plastik gelap (intensitas cahaya 0 μE/m2s) selama 4 hari, sementara kontrol tidak ditutup dengan plastik. Zooxanthella dalam fragmen karang dikeluarkan dengan cara dipanaskan menggunakan hot plate. Data hasil penelitian ditabulasi dan dianalisis menggunakan uji ANAVA satu arah. Hasil menunjukkan penurunan kelimpahan zooxanthella pada perlakuan di karang branching dengan pengaruh intensitas cahaya yang berbeda nyata (0,001 pada P < 0,05), dan peningkatan kelimpahan zoxanthella pada perlakuan di karang digitate dengan pengaruh intensitas cahaya yang tidak berbeda nyata (0,316 pada P < 0,05). ......Effects of light intensity variations to the abundance of zooxanthellae at branching (Acropora sp.) and digitate (Montipora digitata) coral colonies, were studied at Pari Island, Kepulauan Seribu in April 4--8th, 2012. Tips of each branching and digitate coral colonies were covered with bright plastic bags (light intensity 58 μE/m2s), half-dark plastic bags (light intensity 26 μE/m2s), and dark plastic bags (light intensity 0 μE/m2s) for 4 days, while the control uncovered. Zooxanthellae inside coral fragments were expelled by heating using hot plate. Data was tabulated and analyzed using one way ANAVA test. The result showed decreasing of zooxanthellae abundance at branching coral treatment with significant effect of light intensity (0,001 at P < 0,05), and there was increasing of zooxanthellae abundance at digitate coral treatment with unsignificant effect of light intensity (0,316 at P < 0,05).

Abstrak :
Perairan Pemuteran merupakan salah satu tujuan lokasi wisata di Bali yang cukup ramai dikunjungi karena keindahan terumbu karang bawah lautnya. Terumbu karang perlu dilestarikan karena selain bermanfaat di bidang ekonomi, terumbu karang dapat bertindak sebagai penghalang alami terhadap bencana alam seperti badai, topan, bahkan tsunami. Kajian terkait identifikasi spasial morfologi dasar laut dan sebaran bentuk di ekosistem terumbu karang dapat membantu memahami karakteristik dan keunikan dari ekosistem. Sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemetaan morfologi dasar laut untuk melihat hubungannya dengan sebaran habitat bentik di Perairan dangkal Pemuteran. Metode yang digunakan dalam membangun zona morfologi dasar laut dengan melakukan deliniasi peta batimetri dengan peta kemiringan lereng wilayah penelitian. Sedangkan sebaran habitat bentik dihasilkan dari segmentasi menggunakan metode Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA). Secara garis besar, terdapat 2 tipe terumbu karang diwilayah penelitian yaitu tipe fringing reef dan atols. Selain itu, dalam penelitian ini ditemukan 3 zona geomorfologi terumbu karang yaitu reef flat, reef crest dan reef slope. Hasil deliniasi peta batimetri dan kemiringan lereng menghasilkan 7 unit morfologi dasar laut yaitu shoreline, shallow bench (bench dangkal), shallow cliff (jurang dangkal), shelf break, intermediate bench, dan deep cliff. Berdasarkan hasil pemetaan tersebut, unit morfologi shallow bench menjadi unit paling dominan yang terdapat di wilayah penelitian. Secara umum, terdapat 6 jenis habitat bentik yaitu rubble, lamun, karang mati, karang hidup, batu, dan pasir. Pada akhirnya, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa sebaran habitat bentik sangat berkaitan dengan morfologi dasar laut. ......Pemuteran waters is one of the tourist destinations in Bali which is quite crowded because of the beauty of the underwater coral reefs. Coral reefs need to be preserved because apart from being economically beneficial, coral reefs can act as a natural barrier against natural disasters such as hurricanes, typhoons, and even tsunamis. Studies related to the spatial identification of seabed morphology and distribution of benthics in coral reef ecosystems can help understand the characteristics and uniqueness of the ecosystem. This study aims to map the seabed morphology to see its relationship with the distribution of benthic habitats in Pemuteran shallow waters. The method used in constructing the morphological zone of the seabed is by delineating the bathymetric map with the slope map of the research area. While the distribution of benthic habitats is generated from image segmentation using the Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) method. There are two types of coral reefs in the study area: fringing reef and atolls. In addition, this study found three morphological zones of coral reefs, namely reef flat, reef crest, and reef slope. The delineation results of the bathymetry and slope maps produced seven units of seabed morphology, namely shoreline, shallow bench, shallow cliff, shelf break, intermediate bench, and deep cliff. The shallow bench morphology unit is the most dominant in the study area based on the mapping results. In general, there are six types of benthic habitat, namely rubble, seagrass, dead coral, live coral, rock, and sand. In the end, this study found that the distribution of benthic habitats is closely related to the morphology of the seafloor.

Abstrak :
Kepulauan Seribu dikenal sebagai sektor pariwisata, terutama wisata bahari dan memiliki kondisi oseanografi yang optimal untuk kesesuaian terumbu karang. Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu (TNKS) adalah kawasan sebagai bentuk upaya konservasi ekosistem terumbu karang dan spesies lainnya, dengan beberapa zonasi pemanfaatan kawasan di dalamnya. Pemanfaatan setiap zonasi di TNKS mempengaruhi kondisi lingkungan di darat dan di laut, termasuk terumbu karang. Setiap zona memiliki masalah atau tekanan yang berbeda baik dari faktor alam atau aktivitas manusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis distribusi terumbu karang dan perbedaan yang terkait dengan karakteristik fisik perairan di setiap zonasi di Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu. Distribusi terumbu karang diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode Koreksi Kolom Air yang diproses menggunakan citra Sentinel-2A. Setelah itu, pengolahan data variabel penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan batimetri, suhu, arus laut dan data kecerahan laut. Analisis deskriptif spasial digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan pola distribusi terumbu karang di zona TNKS. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa pola penyebaran terumbu karang di Pulau Belanda berpusat di Timur Laut sedangkan di Pulau Bira Besar dan Pulau Pramuka tersebar merata di sepanjang rataan terumbu. Persentase tertinggi dari distribusi terumbu karang ditemukan di zona inti & perlindungan, yang setara dengan 6% dari semua wilayah habitat bentik di pulau penelitian. Selain itu, inter-zoning memiliki karakteristik kecerahan dan kedalaman yang bervariasi sesuai dengan lokasi geografi.

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The Thousand Islands is known as the tourism sector, especially marine tourism and has optimal oceanographic conditions for the suitability of coral reefs. Thousand Islands National Park (TNKS) is an area as a form of conservation efforts for coral reef ecosystems and other species, with some zoning utilization of the area in it. The use of each zoning in KSNP affects the environmental conditions on land and at sea, including coral reefs. Each zone has a problem or pressure that is different from either natural factors or human activities. The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution of coral reefs and differences related to the physical characteristics of the waters in each zoning in the Thousand Islands National Park. The distribution of coral reefs was obtained by using the Water Column Correction method which was processed using Sentinel-2A imagery. After that, the processing of research variable data is carried out using bathymetry, temperature, ocean currents and sea brightness data. Spatial descriptive analysis was used in this study to explain the distribution pattern of coral reefs in the TNKS zone. In this study it was found that the distribution pattern of coral reefs on the Dutch Island was centered in the Northeast while in Bira Besar Island and Pramuka Island were spread evenly along the reef flats. The highest percentage of coral reef distribution is found in the core & protection zones, which is equivalent to 6% of all benthic habitat areas on the research island. In addition, inter-zoning has brightness and depth characteristics that vary according to geographical location.

Abstrak :
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ABSTRACT
Coral reef cover has been conducted observations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT), and methods of Under water Fish Visual Census (UVC) to determine the type of fish Observation of the condition of coral reefs and reef fish is done in shallow water which is 3-6 depth in ten-point observation station. Based on direct observtion, the general condition of coral reef in Wangi-wangi Island is classied into the category from moderate to good. The average peresentage of live coral cover (life form) at the base station to station 10 is 64,61%. Water temperature ranged from 25 until 29oC, Salinity 34-36?, Brightness reaces the bottom; diversity index (H?) ranged from 3,2 to 3,6. Uniformity index (E) at te bottom waters ranged from 0,83 to 0,91. Dominance Index (C) ranged from 0,09 to 0,14. Reef fish diversity index ranged from 2,96 to 3,97, Uniformity index (E) reef fish ranged from 0,55 to 0,97. Valve dominance index (C) ranged from 0,04 to 0,17. Based on the valve of scoring on te whole category, all of the observation stations are include in category S1 which is suitable for beach tourism or nautical tourism like diving or snorkling. ;Coral reef cover has been conducted observations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT), and methods of Under water Fish Visual Census (UVC) to determine the type of fish Observation of the condition of coral reefs and reef fish is done in shallow water which is 3-6 depth in ten-point observation station. Based on direct observtion, the general condition of coral reef in Wangi-wangi Island is classied into the category from moderate to good. The average peresentage of live coral cover (life form) at the base station to station 10 is 64,61%. Water temperature ranged from 25 until 29oC, Salinity 34-36?, Brightness reaces the bottom; diversity index (H?) ranged from 3,2 to 3,6. Uniformity index (E) at te bottom waters ranged from 0,83 to 0,91. Dominance Index (C) ranged from 0,09 to 0,14. Reef fish diversity index ranged from 2,96 to 3,97, Uniformity index (E) reef fish ranged from 0,55 to 0,97. Valve dominance index (C) ranged from 0,04 to 0,17. Based on the valve of scoring on te whole category, all of the observation stations are include in category S1 which is suitable for beach tourism or nautical tourism like diving or snorkling. , Coral reef cover has been conducted observations using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT), and methods of Under water Fish Visual Census (UVC) to determine the type of fish Observation of the condition of coral reefs and reef fish is done in shallow water which is 3-6 depth in ten-point observation station. Based on direct observtion, the general condition of coral reef in Wangi-wangi Island is classied into the category from moderate to good. The average peresentage of live coral cover (life form) at the base station to station 10 is 64,61%. Water temperature ranged from 25 until 29oC, Salinity 34-36?, Brightness reaces the bottom; diversity index (H?) ranged from 3,2 to 3,6. Uniformity index (E) at te bottom waters ranged from 0,83 to 0,91. Dominance Index (C) ranged from 0,09 to 0,14. Reef fish diversity index ranged from 2,96 to 3,97, Uniformity index (E) reef fish ranged from 0,55 to 0,97. Valve dominance index (C) ranged from 0,04 to 0,17. Based on the valve of scoring on te whole category, all of the observation stations are include in category S1 which is suitable for beach tourism or nautical tourism like diving or snorkling. ]