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"Semakin rendahnya biaya perdagangan antar negara menyebabkan peningkatan kegiatan perdagangan dengan skema Global Value Chains (GVC) yang memang sudah terbukti memberikan banyak manfaat bagi negara antara lain percepatan industrialisasi, transfer teknologi, penyerapan tenaga kerja dan peningkatan nilai tambah industri. Partisipasi dalam GVC terdiri dari dua komponen yakni forward participation dan backward participation dimana keduanya memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi apakah ekspor komoditi primer (karet dan CPO) negara ASEAN 6 berhubungan dengan partisipasi GVC forward dan ekspor komoditi manufaktur (elektronik dan otomotif) berhubungan dengan GVC backward serta mengeksplorasi faktor-faktor yang dapat mendorong partisipasi GVC. Studi ini menggunakan data panel dinamis dengan metode GMM dan menemukan bahwa ekspor komoditi primer berhubungan dengan GVC forward kecuali untuk produk CPO sedangkan ekspor komoditi manufaktur berhubungan dengan GVC backward. Peningkatan GDP berpengaruh negatif terhadap partisipasi GVC sehingga peningkatan produktivitas sangat diperlukan untuk mendorong partisipasi, sedangkan FDI yang masuk ke wilayah ASEAN 6 diindikasikan lebih kepada resource dan market seeking bukan network seeking. kualitas infrastuktur berhubungan positif dengan forward participation karena kualitas produk hasil sumber daya alam berpengaruh dari kualitas infrastruktur. Kualitas pembiayaan dalam negeri dan kualitas institusi perlindungan hukum atas hak kekayaan intelektual berhubungan dengan backward participation. Pemodalan juga sangat dibutuhkan oleh industri untuk mendukung kegiatan perdagangannya serta kualitas perlindungan atas hak kekayaan intelektual juga berhubungan positif dalam mendorong backward participation.

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Low trading costs between countries have led to increased trade activities using the Global Value Chains (GVC) scheme which has proven to provide many benefits for countries, including accelerated industrialization, technology transfer, employment, and increased industrial value-added. Participation in the GVC consists of two components, namely forward participation and backward participation which have different characters. This study aims to identify whether exports of primary commodities (rubber and CPO) in ASEAN 6 countries are related to forward GVC participation and export of manufactured commodities (electronics and automotive) are related to backward GVCs and lastly explore factors that can encourage GVC participation. This study uses dynamic panel data using the GMM method and finds that primary commodity exports are related to forward GVC except for CPO products while manufactured commodity exports are related to backward GVC. An increase in GDP has a negative relation to GVC participation so that increased productivity is needed to encourage participation, while FDI that enters the ASEAN 6 region is indicated more towards finding resources and markets, not searching for networks. The quality of infrastructure has a positive relationship with forward participation because it affects the quality of the natural resource products. The quality of domestic financing and institutions for protecting intellectual property rights is associated with backward participation. The national industry is also needed domestic finance to support its trading activities and the intellectual property rights protection is also positively related to encouraging backward participation."

"Pandemi COVID-19 mengubah kehidupan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat secara signifikan. Kelas menengah, khususnya, termasuk kelas yang cukup rentan dan mudah terpengaruh oleh syok (Dartanto et al., 2019). Karena perubahan ini, penjualan makanan jadi di Komplek TVRI meningkat dibanding sebelumnya, dan di waktu yang sama, fenomena ‘membeli untuk membantu teman’ yang dilakukan oleh warga kelas menengah juga semakin marak terjadi. Meskipun pembelian makanan jadi sering dilihat sebagai commodity exchange, ada unsur sosial di dalam transaksi ini. Dalam meneliti hal tersebut, metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif etnografi, sedangkan pengambilan data dilakukan melalui wawancara virtual dan tatap muka terhadap lima informan yang dipilih menggunakan metode purposive sampling, serta melalui observasi partisipasi dan pengambilan data sekunder. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan charity, gift exchange, dan solidaritas yang terjadi dalam pembelian makanan jadi di kalangan warga kelas menengah di Komplek TVRI, dan bagaimana hal tersebut berhubungan dengan relasi antarwarga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perilaku membantu ini dapat dilihat sebagai bentuk solidaritas antara sesama penduduk Komplek TVRI, dan solidaritas antara sesama manusia yang mengalami dampak pandemi COVID-19. Perilaku pembelian makanan juga mempengaruhi relasi antara penjual dan pembeli secara positif. Adanya unsur ketimpangan dalam pembelian makanan jadi, mengklasifikasikan perbuatan ini sebagai bentuk charity. Charity dilakukan warga menggunakan metode ini, karena pemberian uang secara cuma-cuma dianggap memberi rasa malu dan tersinggung pada pihak penjual, dan karena pembelian dianggap lebih bermanfaat bagi penjual dalam jangka panjang. Pembelian makanan jadi juga dapat dilihat sebagai bentuk gift exchange karena adanya unsur resiprositas antara penjual dengan pembeli. Dapat disimpulkan, bahwa perilaku pemberian makanan jadi ini mencerminkan charity, gift exchange, dan solidaritas yang dilakukan oleh warga kelas menengah di Komplek TVRI, dan juga berhubungan erat dengan relasi antarwarga, khususnya antara penjual dan pembeli.

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The COVID-19 pandemic changes peoples’ socio-economic life significantly. The middle class, especially, is a fragile class that is easily affected by shock (Dartanto, et al., 2019). In response to this change, the sales of prepared food in Komplek TVRI increased more than before, and at the same time, the ‘buying to help friends’ phenomenon of the middle class also became more frequent. Even though purchasing prepared food is commonly seen as commodity exchange, there is a social aspect in this transaction. In researching that matter, the method being used is ethnographic qualitative method, and data collection is done through virtual and face-to-face interviews of five informants chosen using the purposive sampling method, along with participant observation and secondary data collection. The objective of this research is to describe charity, gift exchange, and solidarity involved in the purchase of prepared food among the middle class of Komplek TVRI, and how it affects the relations between the inhabitants. The result of the research shows that this helping behavior can be seen as solidarity among fellow inhabitants of Komplek TVRI, and among fellow humans experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic. This purchasing behavior also positively affects the relation between the buyer and the seller. The presence of inequality in the purchase of prepared food, classifies this behavior as charity. The inhabitants use this method of charity, because directly giving money is seen as shaming and offending the seller, and purchasing food is seen as more advantageous for the seller in the long term. The purchase of prepared food can also be seen as a form of gift exchange because of the presence of reciprocity between the seller and the buyer. In conclusion, this food-purchasing behavior shows charity, gift exchange, and solidarity of the middle class in Komplek TVRI, as well as being deeply involved with the relations between inhabitants, especially between the seller and the buyer."

"This book contains revised versions of papers presented on scientific workshop Modeling multi-commodity trade : information exchange methods, which took place in November 2010 at Warsaw University of Technology. It summarizes results of the research work supported so far by scientific grant methods and architectures of information interchange for electronic trade on infrastructural markets (see page xi), and some earlier research work on multi-commodity markets modeling. Though partial results of the research were published earlier, the book gives the most complete view on results of our research in the field of modeling the trade on complex multi-commodity infrastructural markets."