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"iological Psychology is a comprehensive survey of the biological bases of behavior that is authoritative and up-to-date. Designed for undergraduates enrolled in Biological Psychology, Physiological Psychology, or Behavioral Neuroscience, the book continues to offer an outstanding illustration program that engages students, making even complicated topics and processes clear. The book offers a broad perspective, encompassing lucid descriptions of behavior, evolutionary history, development, proximate mechanisms, and applications. The Fifth Edition has been redesigned to help students study and learn more effectively. Optional advanced topics are available on the Web as A Step Further, streamlining the printed text to emphasize the important points. Each chapter begins with a brief outline and an engaging narrative relating the topic to the human condition. Bold-faced terms are defined in margins and at the end of the book to aid students in remembering key terms. The new edition boasts hundreds of new references, including research students may have encountered in the popular media. Yet critical thinking skills are also honed as the reader is alerted to the many widely held myths about the neuroscience of behavior and educated about facts that sound unlikely to the uninformed. Thorough and reader-friendly, Biological Psychology reveals the fascinating interactions of brain and behavior."

"Clinical observations and animal experiments have shaped the prevailing view of human memory. This doctrine holds that the medial temporal lobe subserves one memory system for explicit or declarative memories while the basal ganglia subserves a separate memory system for implicit or procedural memories, including habits. Cortical areas outside the medial temporal lobe are said to function in perception, motor control, attention, or other aspects of executive function, but not in memory. The Evolution of Memory Systems advances dramatically different ideas on all counts. It proposes that several memory systems arose during evolution and that they did so for the same general reason: to transcend problems and exploit opportunities encountered by specific ancestors at particular times and places in the distant past. Instead of classifying cortical areas in terms of mutually exclusive perception, executive, or memory functions, the authors show that all cortical areas contribute to memory and that they do so in their own ways-using specialized neural representations. The book also presents a proposal on the evolution of explicit memory. According to this idea, explicit (declarative) memory depends on interactions between a phylogenetically ancient navigation system and a representational system that evolved in humans to represent ones self and others. As a result, people embed representations of themselves into the events they experience and the facts they learn, which leads to the perception of participating in events and knowing facts."

"Latar belakang. Kognitif merupakan proses sejumlah fungsi kompleks dari berbagai sirkuit di otak. Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 merupakan salah satu faldor risiko gangguan kognitif melalui mekanisme vaskuler dan non-vaskuler. Berbagai studi menunjukkan hubungan antara diabetes dengan risiko terjadinya demensia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat gambaran fungsi kognitif pada penyandang OM tipe 2 . Metode. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian potong lintang dengan populasi penyandang OM tipe 2 berusia 2: 50 tahun yang berobat di Puskesmas Tebet dan Pasar Minggu Jakarta yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Semua subyek dilakukan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik umum dan neurologis serta pencatatan kadar gula darah puasa dalam 2 tahun terakhir. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan fungsi kognitif untuk menilai atensi, bahasa, memori, praxis, fungsi eksekutif dan kecepatan psikomotor. Kriteria gangguan kognitif ringan tanpa demensia (CIND) adalah bila ditemukan satu atau lebih skor kognitif di bawah < 1.5 standard deviasi nilai normatif. Data dianalisis menggunakan tes chi- square, Fisher's exact dan Mann Whitney memakai program SPSS versi 11 .5 Hasil. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan 96 pasien OM tipe 2, rentang usia antara 50-75 tahun (rerata 59.5 ± 5.53 tahun), terdiri dari 55 (57.3%) wan ita. Sebanyak 84 (87.5%) subyek memenuhi kriteria CIND. Rana kognitif yang paling terganggu adalah fungsi eksekutif (77.1%). Sebagai hasil tambahan, didapatkan hubungan bermakna antara gangguan fungsi kognitif dengan tingkat pendidikan (p=O.007; OR:6.69; IK.95% 1.48;34.34). Subyek berusia ~ 60 tahun memiliki kecenderungan terjadi gangguan atensi(p=O.023) dan immediate memory (p=0.039). Subyek dengan durasi OM ~ 5 tahun cenderung memiliki gangguan pada immediate memory (p=O.OO2). Subyek dengan kriteria pengendalian GOP buruk berhubungan bermakna dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif (p=O.006). Subyek dengan riwayat hipertensi memiliki kecenderungan terjadi gangguan atensi (p=0.OO35). Kesimpulan. Gangguan kognitif umum ditemukan pada penyandang OM tipe 2 terutama gangguan fungsi eksekutif. Pasien OM tipe 2 dengan tingkat pendidikan rendah mempunyai kecenderungan memiliki gangguan fungsi kognitif (CINO). Faktor usia lanjut, lama OM, pengendalian GOP dan hipertensi berhubungan dengan gangguan pada rana kognitif spesifik."