Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
Background: VP6 protein is an intermediate layer on rotavirus outer capsid shell which is the major structural protein and play an important role in replication cycle. VP6 protein is a conserved region that can induce immune response as target protein of T cell with cross-reactive epitopes within another genotypes. Objectives: This research conducted to determine the molecular characterization of rotavirus VP6 recombinant protein of Indonesia strain, and to determine the clone and expression of VP6 protein in Escherichia coli BL21 for development of rotavirus vaccine. Methods: Rotavirus RNA was extracted from clinical sample of R55 and R10 strains that having correlation with genotipes I and II rotavirus. RNA samples were amplified with RT-PCR reaction and produced 1194 bp amplicon, and sequencing reaction were conducted to confirm and analyze the molecular characterization of VP6 protein in bioinformatics. VP6 gene as insert and pQE-80L plasmids as vector were double restricted and then ligated by ligation enzyme. Product of ligation were transformed to E.coli Top 10 competent cells and the clones were selected to get the recombinant plasmids which bearing VP6 gene. The recombinant plasmid than subcloned to E.coli BL21 competent cells and induced by IPTG and its pellets were loaded directly onto SDS-PAGE, approximately 45 kDa protein was observed on the SDS-PAGE. The protein was analyzed using Western-blotting. Results: Level of amino acids homology from R55 and R10 rotavirus strain compared with vaccine strains and vaccine candidate strains showed high level of homology, with the conserved regions of T-cell epitopes. R55 strain having close relativity with genotype I while R10 strain having close relativitywith genotype II. there are the same level of hydrophobicity between R55 and R10 which indicated as surface proteins or as a hydrophilic protein. The differences of secondary structure between R55 and R10 in amino acids position of 149-152 and 341-349. The VP6 cloned obtained from E.coli Top 10 with pQE-80L plasmid. The profile of expressed VP6 recombinant protein from R55 and R10 strains in SDS-PAGEshowed the different intensity of protein between induced condition with IPTG and non-induced condition, indicated that VP6 protein might be successfully expressed.The Western-Blot assay showed the same result between the cell that induced and non-induced, but it still need another confirmation. Conclusion: The resultof molecular characterization from VP6 recombinant protein and the cloned of VP6 gene that obtained from R55 and R10 rotavirus strains of Indonesia could beapplied as a preliminary study to develop rotavirus candidate vaccine based on subunit vaccine.

---

Latar belakang: Protein VP6 rotavirus adalah protrein struktural utama yang berperan penting selama replikasi, danmerupakan bagian yang paling lestaridan memiliki potensi dalam menstimulasi respon imun, yaitu sebagai protein target yang dapat menstimulasi sel T, dan memiliki epitop yang cross-reactive di antara genotipe rotavirus lainnya, sehingga memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai vaksin. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui karakterisasi molekular protein VP6 rotavirus strain Indonesia, serta pengklonaan gen dan ekspresi protein VP6 pada Escherichia coli BL21 untuk pengembangan vaksin rotavirus. Metode: RNA rotavirus R55 dan R10 diperoleh dari ekstraksi sampel klinis. RNA tersebut kemudian diamplifikasi dengan reaksi RT-PCR dan menghasilkan amplikon 1194 bp yang selanjutnya disekuensing untuk konfirmasi dan mengetahui karakterisasi molekular protein VP6 secara bioinformatika. Gen VP6 sebagai sisipan dan plasmid pQE-80L sebagai vektor direstriksi ganda dengan enzim restriksi dan diligasi menggunakan enzim ligasi. Produk ligasi ditransformasikan pada sel kompeten E.coli Top 10 dan diseleksi klon pembawa plasmid rekombinan. Plasmid rekombinan yang mengandung gen VP6 ditransformasikan ke sel kompeten E.coli BL21. Ekspresi protein dilakukan dengan induksi IPTG. Hasil ekspresi dianalisis dengan SDS-PAGE dan dikonfirmasi dengan Uji Western Blot. Hasil: Sekuen asam amino gen VP6 rotavirus strain Indonesia R55 dan R10 memiliki tingkat homologi yang tinggi dengan epitopyang lestari bila dibandingkan dengan strain vaksin dan kandidat vaksin rotavirus; strain R55 lebih dekat kekerabatannya dengan rotavirus genotipe I, strain R10 lebih dekat kekerabatannya dengan rotavirus genotipe II. Sekuen VP6 rotavirus strain R55 dan R10 menunjukkan tingkat hidrofobisitas yang sama, hal ini mengindikasikan sejenis protein permukaan atau protein yang bersifat hidrofilik. Hasil analisa struktur sekunder pada strain R55 dan R10 menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pada posisi asam amino 149-152 dan 341-349. Telah didapatkan klon pQE-80L yang mengandung gen VP6 dari strain R55 dan R10. Ekspresi protein VP6 pada SDS-PAGE menunjukkan adanya perbedaan intensitas pita protein antara sel E. coli yang diinduksi IPTG dengan yang tidak diinduksi, mengindikasikan protein VP6 diduga berhasil diekspresikan. Konfirmasi ekspresi protein menggunakan Western-Blot menunjukkan hasil yang sama antara sel yang diinduksi dengan yang tidak diinduksi, namun hasil ini perlu dikonfirmasi lebih lanjut. Kesimpulan: Hasil karakterisasi molekular protein VP6 rekombinan dan pengklonaan gen VP6 dari rotavirus strain Indonesia R55 dan R10 dapat dikembangkan sebagai studi awal pada pengembangan vaksin subunit berbasis protein VP6 rekombinan. Namun untuk tahap ekspresi protein rekombinan VP6 perlu optimasi lebih lanjut.

Abstrak :
Potensi keanekaragaman Indonesia memberikan peluang untuk mendapatkan mikroorganisme penghasil endo-β-1,4-glukanase yang mampu menghidrolisis selulosa. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BPPTCC-RK2 telah berhasil diisolasi dari rayap. Gen endo-β-1,4-glukanase dikloning dari DNA genom B.amyloliquefaciens BPPTCC-RK2 menggunakan metode rekombinatorial dan diekspresikan secara fungsional di dalam E.coli. Didapatkan ORF sepanjang 1500 nukleotida yang menyandikan 499 asam amino dengan berat molekul 55 kDa. Gen dikloning kedalam pDEST14 dan dioverekspresi pada E.coli BL21-Star. Aktivitas tertinggi sebesar 26,05 U/mg protein setelah diinduksi dengan 1mM IPTG selama 24 jam. Enzim optimum pada pH 6,0 dan suhu 65℃ dan memiliki waktu paruh 90 menit pada suhu 60℃. Pada konsentrasi etanol 100 g/L, masih memberikan aktivitas hingga 78% setelah 24 jam. ...... Indonesia has potential biodiversity that provides opportunities to obtain endo-β-1,4-glucanase producing microorganism that could hydrolize cellulose. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BPPTCC-RK2 have been isolated from termites. Endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene have been cloned from genomic DNA B.amyloliquefaciens BPPTCC-RK2 using recombinatorial method and functionally expressed in E.coli. A full length gene of endo-β-1,4-glucanase consisting 1500 nucleotides that encoded for a protein 499 amino acids with predicted molecular weight 55 kDa. Highest enzyme activity (26,05 U/mg) achieved after 24 hour induction with 1mM IPTG. The enzyme optimum at pH 6,0 and temperature 65℃ and 90 minutes half-life at 60℃. This enzyme give 78% residual activity after 24 hour incubation in 100 g/L ethanol.

Abstrak :
Bakteri Weissella confusa MBF 8-1 yang diisolasi dari produk ampas kacang kedelai terfermentasi telah diteliti memiliki aktivitas Bacteriocin Like Inhibitory Substance (BLIS) terhadap bakteri Leuconostoc mesenteroides. W. confusa MBF8-1 menyandikan tiga jenis bakteriosin yaitu bakteriosin 1 (Bac1), 2 (Bac2), dan 3 (Bac3). Di masa depan, diharapkan bakteriosin tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai peptida antimikroba baru maupun sebagai komplemen antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan vektor rekombinan pembawa gen bakteriosin 1 (bac1) yang dapat diintroduksi ke inang yang sesuai. Vektor rekombinan dikloning dengan metode rekombinatorial Gateway®. Amplifikasi bac1 dengan teknik PCR menggunakan primer yang didesain spesifik dari sekuens bac1 dengan tag attB. Produk PCR disisipkan ke plasmid pDONRTM221 lewat reaksi BP. Plasmid rekombinan selanjutnya ditransformasikan ke sel inang Escherichia coli DH5α. Keberadaan bac1 pada plasmid rekombinan diverifikasi dengan sekuensing. Transformasi yang dilakukan berhasil mengkloning bac1 ke vektor rekombinan, sehingga diperoleh plasmid pENT_Wcbac1 yang dapat digunakan untuk proses selanjutnya dalam ekspresi Bac1.

---

Weissella confusa MBF 8-1 was isolated from waste of fermented soya and showed Bacteriocin Like Inhibitory Substance (BLIS) activity against bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides. There are three types of bacteriocin produced by W. confusa MBF8-1: bacteriocin 1 (Bac1), 2 (Bac2), and 3 (Bac3). In the future, bacteriocin is potent either to be a new antimicrobial peptide or as antibiotics complement. This experiment was conducted to clone recombinant vector containing bacteriocin 1 gene (bac1) that later can be introduced to suitable expression system. Recombinant vector was cloned by Gateway® recombinatorial technique. First, bac1 was amplified by PCR, using specifically designed primers from bac1 sequence added with attB tag. The PCR product then inserted into pDONRTM221 by BP recombination reaction. Finally, the resulting recombinant plasmid was transformed to Escherichia coli DH5α. The bac1 was verified by sequencing. The transformation successfully cloned bac1 into recombinant vector, named pENT_Wcbac1, which later can be used in the next step of Bac1 expression.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Benih bawal bintang memperlihatkan perubahan tingkah laku seperti kehilangan kemampuan berenang dan berkumpul di dasar kolam, diduga terinfeksi RSIVD. Real time PCR dengan SBYR green telah diaplikasikan secara luas untuk diagnosis penyakit. Kesederhanaan, sensitifitas, rentang deteksi yang dinamis, reproduktifitas, dan jaminan skrining dengan kecepatan waktu yang tinggi membuat real time PCR sesuai untuk mendeteksi virus (Niesters, 2002). Oleh karena itu dilakukan aplikasi metode real time PCR dengan SYBR green untuk mendeteksi RSIV pada benih bawal bintang. Penelitian ini menggunakan primer 1F dan 1R untuk skrining Megalocityvirus, grunt fin cell line untuk kultur RSIV, pengklonaan menggunakan vektor pGEM-T easy dan primer MCPspecR697-F4 dan MCP-specR888-R6 untuk deteksi RSIV dengan metode real time PCR menggunakan SYBR green. Karakterisasi dari CPE menunjukkan sel GF menjadi berbentuk bundar dan sel-sel GF terlihat berpendar pada inokulasi RSIV pada hari ke lima sampai ke tujuh. Kurva standar menghasilkan R2 0,99999, slope -2,41675 dan y-intercept 38,68938. Limit deteksi 10 salinan DNA. Spesimen klinis menunjukkan hasil positif pada jaringan hati, limpa dan ginjal. Jumlah salinan DNA paling banyak dari ekstraksi limpa yaitu: 6054 dan 4182 salinan DNA sedangkan pada organ ginjal sebanyak 72 dan 101 salinan DNA dan hati 1 dan 2 salinan DNA. Metode real time PCR menggunakan SYBR green berhasil diaplikasikan untuk mendeteksi RSIV pada benih ikan bawal bintang.

---

ABSTRACT
Snubnose pompano juvenile showed behavioral changes such as losed the ability to swim and congregated at the bottom of the pool, suspected of being infected RSIVD. Real time PCR with green SBYR has been widely applied to the diagnosis of the disease. Simplicity, sensitivity, dynamic range of detection, reproducibility, and the assurance screening with a high speed makes real time PCR according to detect viruses (Niesters, 2002). Therefore, it is done in real time application method with SYBR green PCR to detect RSIV on Snubnose pompano juvenile. This study using the primers 1F and 1R for screening Megalocityvirus, grunt fin cell line for RSIV culture, cloning using pGEM-T easy vector and primer MCPspecR697-F4 and MCP-specR888-R6 for RSIV detection by real-time PCR method using SYBR green.GF cells infected by RSIV showed round and flourescence as a result of CPE at day 5 to 7. Subnose pompano juvenile positive infected by RSIV at 191 bp. Standard curve equation R2: 0.99999, slope: -2.41675 and y-intercept: 38.68938. qPCR using primers MCP-specR674-F4 and MCP-specR888 R6 primer assay showed detection limit of 10 copies of the. Liver, spleen and kidneys of Subnose Dart juvenile were infected by RSIV, positively. The highest of copy number of DNA were shown in the spleen (6054 and 4182 copies DNA, respectively), while in kidney were 101 and 72 copies DNA respectively. The lowest copy number DNA were shown in the liver (1 to 2 copies DNA, respectively). SYBR green quantitative PCR method can be applied to detect RSIV on Subnose pompano juvenile.

Abstrak :
Spag11a diketahui terekspresi secara spesifik pada kaput epididimis sehingga dimungkinkan protein tersebut memiliki fungsi yang spesifik untuk maturasi spermatozoa. Studi peran SPAG11A dalam maturasi spermatozoa di epididimis memerlukan produksi protein SPAG11A untuk dikarakterisasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengklon, mengekspreesikan, dan mengkarakterisasi sifat antimikroba dari protein rekombinan SPAG11A. Insert cDNA Spag11a yang dihasilkan melalui PCR diklon ke dalam vektor pET100/D-TOPO. Plasmid rekombinan kemudian diekspresikan ke Escherichia coli BL21 DE3 star. Deteksi dari fusi protein rekombinan dilakukan dengan SDS-PAGE dan Western Blotting. IMAC Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography digunakan untuk mempurifikasi protein rekombinan. Uji antimikroba protein rekombinan dianalisis melalui pengukuran Optical density.PCR amplifikasi dari cDNA kaput epididimis mencit menghasilkan insert Spag11a berukuran 210bp. Insert tersebut kemudian dikloning ke dalam pET100/D-TOPO menghasilkan 1 rekombinan plasmid dari 10 koloni yang diskrining. Ekspresi rekombinan klon ke dalam E.coli BL21 menghasilkan fusi protein setelah diinduksi IPTG selama 4 jam. Fusi protein dikonfirmasi menggunakan Western Blotting menggunakan antibodi yang mengenali N-terminal His-Tag 21kDa dan protein SPAG11A. Uji antimikroba protein rekombinan SPAG11A mununjukkan tidak ada inhibisi yang signifikan terhadap laju pertumbuhan E.coli dan Bacillus subtilis. Insert Spag11a yang berukuran 210bp berhasil diklon ke dalam vektor pET100/D-TOPO. Ekspresi rekombinan Spag11a menghasilkan fusi protein berukuran 21kDa. Protein rekombinan SPAG11A tidak membawa sifat antimikroba terhadap E.coli dan B. subtilis. ...... Spag11a is known to be specifically expressed in the caput region of the epididymis suggesting a specific function for sperm maturation. Study of SPAG11A role in the epididymal sperm maturation requires generating SPAG11A protein for characterization. The objective of this study was to clone, express and characterize antimicrobial property of the recombinant SPAG11A. Spag11a cDNA insert was generated by PCR and cloned in TOPO vector. Recombinant DNA plasmid was subsequently expressed in E coli BL 21 star. Detection of recombinant fusion protein was carried out using SDS PAGE and western immunobloting. IMAC Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography was used to purify recombinant protein. Optical density measurement was used to analyse antimicrobial property of the recombinant protein. PCR amplification of mouse caput epididymis cDNA produced a 210 bp insert of Spag11a. Cloning of the insert into TOPO pET100 resulted in 2 recombinants out of 10 colonies that were screened. Expression of recombinant clones in the E coli BL21 produced a fusion protein after being induced IPTG for 4 hours. Fusion protein was confirmed by western immunobloting using two antibodies recognizing N terminal His Tag 21 kDa and SPAG11A protein. Antimicrobial assay for SPAG11A recombinant showed no significant inhibition towards growth rates of E coli and Bacillus subtilis. A 210 bp Spag11a insert was successfully cloned into TOPO pET100 vector. Expression of recombinant spag11a produced a fusion protein of 21 kDa. SPAG11A recombinant protein does not have antimicrobial property towards E coli and B subtilis.

Abstrak :
Promoter gen late embryogenesis abundant 3 (lea3) merupakan salah satu promoter terinduksi kekeringan pada tanaman. Penelitian bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengklona fragmen promoter gen lea3 yang terinduksi kekeringan dari padi (Oryza sativa L.) kultivar lokal Indonesia Rojolele dan Batutegi dengan menggunakan kultivar Nipponbare sebagai acuan. Penelitian dilakukan di Puslit Biotek LIPI, Cibinong dan berlangsung selama 9 bulan (Maret--November 2008). Fragmen promoter gen lea3 diamplifikasi secara in vitro dengan teknik PCR menggunakan primer LEAP F dan LEAP R yang menghasilkan pita berukuran ± 1.291 bp. Produk PCR kemudian diligasi dengan vektor plasmid pGEM-T Easy dan ditransformasi ke dalam Escherichia coli DH5α dengan metode heat shock. Hasil penapisan biru putih menunjukkan adanya 19 koloni biru dan 761 koloni putih dari keseluruhan koloni yang tumbuh. Verifikasi dengan digesti menggunakan enzim EcoRI menunjukkan hasil positif mengandung sisipan fragmen promoter. Hasil BLASTN pada situs NCBI (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) menunjukkan bahwa sekuen hasil klona fragmen promoter gen lea3 dari ketiga kultivar memiliki similaritas 99% dengan sekuen acuan promoter gen HVA-like dari kultivar IRAT 109 (GenBank Acc. No. DQ837728). Similaritas yang tinggi menunjukkan keberhasilan proses isolasi dan pengklonaan promoter gen lea3.

Abstrak :
Peran protein retinoblastoma (pRb) dalam pencegahan pembentukan tumor diinhibisi oleh interaksinya dengan protein E7 HPV pada kanker serviks. Oleh sebab itu, perlu dilakukan strategi pengembangan uji in vitro untuk analisis interaksi pRb dan E7, terutama dalam pengembangan vaksin HPV berbasis antigen E7. Protein pRb dapat diperoleh dalam bentuk protein rekombinan yang diproduksi pada bakteri Escherichia coli. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh klona gen RB1 dalam vektor pQE_80L. Sintesis gen RB1 (2787 pb) dilakukan dengan metode PCR overlap extension. Fragmen gen RB1 dan vektor didigesti dengan enzim restriksi BamHI dan SalI kemudian diligasikan dengan enzim T4 ligase. Hasil ligasi ditransformasi ke dalam Escherichia coli TOP10 secara kejut panas. Hasil transformasi diseleksi menggunakan PCR koloni untuk mengidentifikasi keberadaan DNA sisipan. Sebanyak 1 dari 27 koloni yang diseleksi mengandung plasmid rekombinan. Plasmid rekombinan kemudian diisolasi dan diverifikasi dengan digesti dan sekuensing. Hasil analisis digesti dan sekuensing menunjukkan gen RB1 berhasil disisipkan ke vektor pQE_80L. Namun terdapat beberapa mutasi, yaitu substitusi (c.117G>A dan c.2316T>C) serta mutasi delesi (c.719_724delAAACAG).

---

The role of human retinoblastoma protein (pRb) as tumor suppressor is inhibited by its interaction with HPV E7 protein in cervical cancer. Therefore, it is interesting to develop strategy for development of in vitro assay to analyze pRb and E7 interaction, especially in the development of therapeutic HPV vaccine that is based on E7 antigen. The pRb protein can be provided in the form of recombinant protein that is poduced in Escherichia coli. The study objective was to obtain RB1 gene clone in pQE_80L vector. The synthesis of RB1 gene (2787 pb) was performed by using overlap extension PCR. The RB1 gene fragment and vector was digested by BamHI and SalI restriction enzyme then ligated by T4 ligase enzyme. The ligation product was transformed into Escherichia coli TOP10 with heat shock. The transformation result was screened using colony PCR to identify the presence of insert DNA. There was 1 out of 27 selected colonies that carried the recombinant plasmid. The recombinant plasmid then isolated and verified with digestion and sequencing. The results of digestion and sequencing analysis showed that RB1 gene was successfully inserted into pQE_80L vector. However, there were mutations which were substitution (c.117G>A and c.2316T>C) and deletion (c.719_724delAAACAG).

Abstrak :
Penelitian yang bertujuan menghasilkan klona gen NS1 virus dengue pada vektor ekspresi pGEX-6P1 dalam Escherichia coli BL21 Star?(DE3) telah dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Molekular, LAPTIAB, BPPT, Serpong selama Januari--November 2008. Gen NS1 dengue diamplifikasi dengan primer spesifik d3-2336sbam (forward) dan d3-NS1-1056c (reverse). Produk PCR gen NS1 (1.160 pb) yang telah dipurifikasi, didigesti dengan enzim BamHI-XhoI (double digestion) kemudian diligasikan pada vektor ekspresi pGEX-6P1. Reaksi ligasi ditransformasikan ke dalam sel kompeten E. coli BL21 Star?(DE3). Sebanyak 19 koloni diisolasi secara acak dari 162 koloni yang tumbuh pada medium seleksi ampisilin. Hasil verifikasi dengan digesti dan PCR menunjukkan koloni 1b3 sebagai koloni positif rekombinan. Hasil sequencing terhadap 356 basa pertama gen NS1 menggunakan primer spesifik d3-2716c, menunjukkan bahwa plasmid rekombinan 1b3 mengandung gen NS1. Analisis BLASTN terhadap database DNA pada GenBank menunjukkan homologi 96% dengan sekuen DEN-3 strain KJ71 (accession number AY858044.2). Kloning gen NS1 dengue pada vektor pGEX-6P1 dalam E. coli BL21 Star?(DE3) berhasil dilakukan.

Abstrak :
[ ABSTRAK
Kloning mendapatkan perhatian dari masyarakat ketika domba Dolly berhasil diciptakan, sebagai sebuah bukti nyata dari konsep kloning. Kloning domba Dolly yang telah berhasil menimbulkan posibilitas lain, yaitu kloning manusia. Kloning manusia sebagai sebuah konsep cenderung dilihat melalui sisi etis atau religi, atau sisi lainnya, tetapi tidak terdapat sebuah pendapat melalui kondisi mental atau kesadaran dari klon manusia itu sendiri. Jika kloning manusia merupakan sebuah posibilitas, maka pemahaman terhadap konsep kondisi mental atau kesadaran dari klon manusia perlu dibentuk melalui teori-teori dalam Philosophy of Mind, khususnya melalui argumentasi zombie pada dualisme properti dan fisikalisme.

---

ABSTRACT
Cloning caught people's attention when Dolly the sheep was produced through the process of cloning, this means the technology is closer to be able to clone human being. Human cloning tends to be criticized from ethical or religious standpoint, or other standpoint, but there is no discussion towards the concept of mind within the human clone itself. If human cloning is a possibility, then the way of understanding the concept of mind within the human clone needs to be formed through the theories of Philosophy of Mind, especially through the zombie argument in property dualism and also in physicalism., Cloning caught people’s attention when Dolly the sheep was produced through the process of cloning, this means the technology is closer to be able to clone human being. Human cloning tends to be criticized from ethical or religious standpoint, or other standpoint, but there is no discussion towards the concept of mind within the human clone itself. If human cloning is a possibility, then the way of understanding the concept of mind within the human clone needs to be formed through the theories of Philosophy of Mind, especially through the zombie argument in property dualism and also in physicalism.]

Abstrak :
Principles of Cloning, Second Edition is the fully revised edition of the authoritative book on the science of cloning. The book presents the basic biological mechanisms of how cloning works and progresses to discuss current and potential applications in basic biology, agriculture, biotechnology, and medicine. Beginning with the history and theory behind cloning, the book goes on to examine methods of micromanipulation, nuclear transfer, genetic modification, and pregnancy and neonatal care of cloned animals. The cloning of various species-including mice, sheep, cattle, and non-mammals-is considered as well. The Editors have been involved in a number of breakthroughs using cloning technique, including the first demonstration that cloning works in differentiated cells done by the Recipient of the 2012 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine - Dr John Gurdon; the cloning of the first mammal from a somatic cell - Drs Keith Campbell and Ian Wilmut; the demonstration that cloning can reset the biological clock - Drs Michael West and Robert Lanza; the demonstration that a terminally differentiated cell can give rise to a whole new individual - Dr Rudolf Jaenisch and the cloning of the first transgenic bovine from a differentiated cell - Dr Jose Cibelli. The majority of the contributing authors are the principal investigators on each of the animal species cloned to date and are expertly qualified to present the state-of-the-art information in their respective areas. First and most comprehensive book on animal cloning, 100% revisedDescribes an in-depth analysis of current limitations of the technology and research areas to exploreOffers cloning applications on basic biology, agriculture, biotechnology, and medicine.