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Abstrak :
Ceramic magnets with the chemical composition of barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) were obtained through the synthesis of magnetite powder from iron sand taken from the Southern Coast of Yogyakarta in Indonesia. The iron sand was dissolved and then synthesized to produce magnetite powder. Subsequently, the magnetite powder was oxidized at temperatures of 700, 900, and 1100°C for five hours to produce hematite. The un-oxidized magnetite and the magnetite which was oxidized at the different temperatures were each mixed with barium carbonate, respectively. The mixtures were then calcined at 1100°C for two hours. The calcined products were compacted and then sintered at 1100°C for one hour to produce sintered ceramic magnets. X-ray diffraction (XRD), a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the ceramic magnets. The results showed the magnetite that was directly calcined, compacted, and sintered had a BaFe12O19 phase and also had the presence of a Fe2O3 phase with a BH(max) of 0.26 MGOe, Hc of 1.27 kOe, and Ms of 31.421 emu/g. The sintered ceramic magnet which was initially oxidized at a temperature of 900°C had a BaFe12O19 phase with a BH(max) of 0.78 MGOe, Hc of 1.95 kOe, and Ms of 46.970 emu/g. These results indicate satisfactory results as a permanent magnet. Thus, the iron sand from the Southern Coast of Yogyakarta in Indonesia has potential for the production of ceramic permanent magnets.

Abstrak :
Cetakan merupakan indikator utama dalam pembuatan katup yang berkualitas tinggi. Cetakan digunakan untuk menghasilkan produk dengan presisi tinggi dan diharapkan memiliki umur pakai yang panjang agar mampu bertahan dalam produksi berkelanjutan. Ditemukan bahwa cetakan yang terbuat dari bahan yang sama yaitu tungsten karbida hasil dua manufaktur berbeda memiliki kinerja yang tidak sama pada saat pengaplikasiannya dalam pembuatan katup. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian terkait hal tersebut dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan kinerja antara dua cetakan yang terbuat dari bahan yang sama hasil dari dua manufaktur yang berbeda. Serta, menganalisis dampak perbedaan komposisi kimia, tingkat kekerasan, dan mikrostruktur terhadap kinerja cetakan saat digunakan dalam produksi katup. Hasil analisis menunjukkan cetakan B yang mengandung pengikat kobalt sebesar 17,12 wt.%, memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik dengan umur pakainya yang lebih panjang dibandingkan dengan cetakan A. Perbedaan komposisi kimia ini memengaruhi tingkat kekerasan dan mikrostruktur dari kedua cetakan. Cetakan A memiliki tingkat kekerasan yang lebih rendah secara signifikan, dengan rata-rata 45,40 HRC, dibandingkan dengan cetakan B, yang memiliki tingkat kekerasan rata-rata sebesar 57,54 HRC. Kedua cetakan memiliki mikrostruktur yang terdistribusi dengan merata, tetapi Cetakan B memiliki mikrostruktur yang lebih terikat dan rapat dibandingkan dengan cetakan A. Perbedaan ini berkontribusi pada variasi kinerja cetakan saat diaplikasikan untuk produksi katup. ......Molds are the main indicator in the production of high-quality valves. Molds are used to produce products with high precision and are expected to have a long service life to withstand continuous production. It was found that molds made of the same material, tungsten carbide, from two different manufacturers had different performances when applied in valve production. Therefore, research was conducted to analyze the performance differences between the two molds made of the same material but from different manufacturers. Additionally, the study aimed to analyze the impact of differences in chemical composition, hardness level, and microstructure on the performance of molds used in valve production. The analysis results showed that mold B, which contained 17.12 wt.% cobalt binder, had better performance with a longer service life compared to mold A. This difference in chemical composition affected the hardness level and microstructure of the two molds. Mold A had a significantly lower hardness level, with an average of 45.40 HRC, compared to mold B, which had an average hardness level of 57.54 HRC. Both molds had evenly distributed microstructures, but mold B had a more tightly bound and dense microstructure compared to mold A. This difference contributed to the variation in mold performance when applied to valve production.