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"A cement plant that produces 8,300 tons per day releases 265,000 Nm3/h of flue gas at 360°C from its Suspension Preheater (SP) and 400,000 Nm3/h of hot air at 310°C from its air quenching cooler (AQC). It is imperative to recover the waste heat emitted by the plant for power generation, i.e., Waste Heat Recovery Power Generation (WHRPG). This paper aims to optimize waste heat recovery from the cement plant using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), for which an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is applied for electric power generation. The working fluid of an ORC power generation system was selected among candidates of organic working fluids (i.e., isobutane, isopentane, benzene, and toluene) by using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method. The ORC power generation system configuration and the corresponding operating conditions employing the selected working fluid (i.e., pressures and temperatures) are optimized by applying RSM. Based on TOPSIS evaluation and considering factors of health, safety, environment impacts, cost, and power generated, isopentane was selected as the working fluid for the ORC WHRPG, which was configured to consist of a boiler, two expansion turbines, a reheater, and a recuperator. Implementation of RSM attained optimum operating conditions of high pressure turbine, low pressure turbine, and condenser at 11.3 bar-a saturated vapor, 4.3 bar-a and 184°C, and 1.8 bar-a, respectively. Finally, the gross electric power generated of 5.7 MW at 12.5 percent of energy conversion efficiency is generated by the pertinent ORC WHRPG."

"Semen merupakan bahan utama untuk pembuatan beton sangat penting perannya dalam kegiatan industri konstruksi sehingga diantara beton dan semen merupakan dua hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan, dengan kata lain dimana ada pekerjaan beton disitu harus ada semen demikian pula sebaliknya"

"Torrefaction has been increasing in popularity as a viable pretreatment process to produce a coal like biomass characteristic. One such biomass that could be used is Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) waste from the production of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) as Indonesia is one of the highest CPO producing country in the world. The potential use of this alternative fuel can be implemented in several industries to reduce CO2 emissions. One such industry that produce a high number of CO2 emission is the cement industry. The result of the research will be the efficiency of torrefaction process, the potential CO2eq avoided by using co-firing and the cost of avoidance of co-firing in cement kiln. It was found that the torrefaction process using PKS waste have an energy efficiency of 67,5% and an energy yield of 79,8%. The potential CO2eq avoided by using co-firing in Indarung V plant is 187.433-933.634-ton CO2eq /year depending on co-firing ratio, The torrefied biomass commercial price is in the range of 231 US$/ton -263 US$/ton and 50% Co-firing ratio gives the best performances, lowest cost avoidance value of 43,20 US$/ton CO2eq and reduction of 33% of the total CO2eq emission from Clinker Production.

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Torefaksi telah semakin populer sebagai proses pretreatment yang layak untuk menghasilkan biomassa seperti karakteristik batubara. Salah satu biomassa yang dapat dimanfaatkan adalah limbah Cangkang Sawit (PKS) dari produksi Minyak Sawit Mentah (CPO) karena Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil CPO tertinggi di dunia. Potensi penggunaan bahan bakar alternatif ini dapat diterapkan di beberapa industri untuk mengurangi emisi CO2. Salah satu industri yang menghasilkan emisi CO2 yang tinggi adalah industri semen. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah efisiensi proses torefaksi, potensi CO2eq yang dapat dihindari dengan penggunaan co-firing dan biaya penghindaran co-firing pada cement kiln. Didapatkan bahwa proses torrefaksi menggunakan limbah PKS memiliki efisiensi energi sebesar 67,5% dan yield energi sebesar 79,8%. Potensi CO2eq yang dapat dihindari dengan menggunakan co-firing di pabrik Indarung V adalah 187.433-933.634-ton CO2eq/tahun tergantung pada rasio co-firing, Harga komersial PKS torefaksi berada pada kisaran 231 US$/ton - 263 US$/ton dan 50% Co-firing rasio memberikan kinerja terbaik, nilai penghindaran biaya terendah sebesar 43,20 US$/ton CO2eq dan pengurangan sebesar 33% dari total emisi CO2eq dari Produksi Klinker."

"Hazardous waste will be an environmental problem if not managed properly. Co processing in cement industry which use hazardous waste as alternative material and fuel, is expected to be a solution of hazardous waste management. This research was conducted at cement factory. Sustainability factor in co processing activities needs to be studied. Co processing activities need to be analyzed by economic benefits, social acceptability, and environmental requirements to fulfill sustainability. Economic benefit analysis was conducted by efficiency approach for cement factory, cost efficiency of hazardouse waste management, and labor required. Analysis of social acceptance was conducted by analysis of perception of stakeholders. The fulfillment of environmental requirements was conducted by comparing environmental quality standards and liabilities in licenses issued by the government. The result of this study is co processing activities meet the rules of sustainability. PT. ITP has conducted hazardous waste management for 41 hazardous waste generators, 22 types of hazardous waste, and 7,861.23 tons of hazardous waste in July 2015 June 2016. PT. HI has conducted hazardous waste management for 71 hazardous waste generators, 53 types of hazardous waste, and 59,494.91 tons of hazardous wastev in July 2015 June 2016. The average efficiency per year obtained from 1 the use of alternative raw materials of 1.5 for PT.ITP and 1.42 for PT. HI 2 alternative fuel usage of 2.22 and for PT.ITP and 11.03 for PT.HI. Hazardous waste management is cheaper if managed through co processing. For the community, co processing activities provide jobs opportunity. The stakeholders accept co processing activities with average of 76 and has a frequency of distribution 39 for perception strongly agreed. Co processing has fulfilled environmental requirements consisting of compliance with air quality standards, dioxin, furans, compatibility of hazardous waste type, and product SNI compliance.

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Limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun B3 akan menjadi permasalahan lingkungan apabila tidak dikelola dengan tepat. Kegiatan co-processing di pabrik semen dengan memanfaatkan limbah B3 sebagai bahan baku dan bahan bakar alternatif dianggap dapat menjadi solusi dalam pengelolaan limbah B3. Penelitian dilakukan di pabrik semen yaitu PT. ITP dan PT. HI yang telah melakukan kegiatan co-processing, namun kegiatan ini perlu dikaji keberlanjutannya. Untuk memenuhi kegiatan co-processing yang berkelanjutan, perlu dilakukan kajian manfaat ekonomi, analisis keberterimaan sosial, dan kajian pemenuhan persyaratan lingkungan. Kajian manfaat ekonomi dilakukan dengan pendekatan efisiensi bagi pabrik semen, efisiensi biaya pengelolaan limbah B3, dan tenaga kerja yang dibutuhkan. Analisis keberterimaan sosial dilakukan melalui analisis persepsi pihak yang berkepentingan dengan menggunakan metode analisis skala Linkert. Pemenuhan persyaratan lingkungan dikaji dengan cara membandingkan baku mutu lingkungan, kesesuaian limbah B3 yang dimanfaatkan, dan pemenuhan standar produk. Hasil riset ini adalah kegiatan co-processing memenuhi kaidah keberlanjutan berdasarkan manfaat ekonomi, keberterimaan sosial, dan pemenuhan persyaratan lingkungan. Pabrik semen PT. ITP telah melakukan pengelolaan limbah B3 terhadap 41 perusahaan penghasil limbah B3, sebanyak 22 jenis limbah B3, dan 7.861,23 ton limbah B3 selama periode Juli 2015-Juni 2016. Adapun PT. HI telah melakukan pengelolaan limbah B3 terhadap 71 perusahaan penghasil limbah B3, sebanyak 53 jenis limbah B3, dan berjumlah 59.494,91 ton limbah B3 selama periode Juli 2015-Juni 2016. Efisiensi rata-rata per tahun yang diperoleh dari 1 penggunaan bahan baku alternatif sebesar 1,5 bagi PT.ITP dan 1,42 bagi PT. HI 2 penggunaan bahan bakar alternatif sebesar 2,22 dan bagi PT.ITP dan 11,03 bagi PT.HI. Penghasil limbah B3 mengeluarkan biaya pengelolaan yang lebih murah apabila dikelola melalui co-processing. Bagi masyarakat kegiatan co-processing memberikan lapangan pekerjaan. Pihak yang berkepentingan menerima keberadaan kegiatan co-processing dengan nilai rata-rata 76 dan memiliki frekuensi distribusi 39 untuk persepsi sangat setuju. Kegiatan co-processing telah memenuhi persyaratan baku mutu emisi udara, dioksin, furan, kesesuaian jenis limbah B3, dan pemenuhan syarat SNI produk."